Exploring the Mediating Role of Spiritual Fortitude in the Relationship between Self-Esteem and Flourishing Among Indonesian Adolescent Victims of Bullying

Oct 15, 2026

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The study investigates how self-esteem relates to flourishing among adolescent victims of bullying, with spiritual fortitude examined as a potential mediator. Using 1,126 Indonesian adolescents aged 15–23, it applies the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, the Flourishing Scale, and the Spiritual Fortitude Scale-9. Results show self-esteem significantly predicts flourishing. Spiritual fortitude also serves as a significant partial mediator, strengthening meaning and stability under adversity, analyzed via regression-based mediation without bootstrapping.

LanguageEnglish

CategoryHealthcare

FormatPDF

Pages20

Reading Time50 min

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Abstract

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International Journal Educational Psychology Volume 14, Issue 3, 24th October 2025, Pages 158-177 The Author(s) 2025 [http://dx.doi.org/10.17583/ijep.16426](http://dx.doi.org/10.17583/ijep.16426) Exploring the Mediating Role of Spiritual Fortitude in the Relationship between Self-Esteem and Flourishing Among Indonesian Adolescent Victims of Bullying Krishervina Rani-Lidiawati 1, Teguh Lesmana 1, Rijanto Purbojo 1 & Sandra Yu-Rueger2 1) Universitas Pelita Harapan, Indonesia 2) Wheaton, IL, United States Abstract This study examined the relationship between self-esteem and flourishing among adolescent victims of bullying, with spiritual fortitude as a potential mediator. Drawing on a sample of 1,126 Indonesian adolescents aged 15–23, the research utilized the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, the Flourishing Scale, and the Spiritual Fortitude Scale-9 to assess these constructs. Findings revealed that self-esteem significantly predicted flourishing, aligning with previous studies that highlight self-esteem's role in fostering resilience and psychological well-being. Additionally, spiritual fortitude emerged as a significant partial mediator, indicating that while self-esteem provided a foundation for resilience, spiritual fortitude enhanced adolescents'capacity to find meaning and stability amid adversity. This study employed a correlational design, and the mediation analysis followed regression-based procedures, although no bootstrapping was conducted. Key limitations included the cross-sectional nature of the data, reliance on self-report measures, and lack of analysis regarding frequency or power imbalance in bullying experiences. These results underscored the importance of integrating psychological and spiritual interventions to support adolescent mental health, particularly in addressing the challenges posed by bullying. Further implications for mental health interventions are discussed. Keywords Self-esteem, spiritual fortitude, flourishing, bullying, adolescents To cite this article: Rani-Lidiawati, K., Lesmana, T., Purbojo, R., & Yu-Rueger, S. (2025) . Exploring the Mediating Role of Spiritual Fortitude in the Relationship between Self-Esteem and Flourishing Among Indonesian Adolescent Victims of Bullying. International Journal Educational Psychology, 14(3), pp. 158-177. [http://dx.doi.org/10.17583/ijep.16426](http://dx.doi.org/10.17583/ijep.16426) [Corresponding author:](Corresponding author: Teguh Lesmana)[ Teguh Lesmana](Corresponding author: Teguh Lesmana) Contact address: [teguh.lesmana@uph.edu](teguh.lesmana@uph.edu) International Journal Educational Psychology Volumen 14, Número 3, 24 de octubre 2025, Páginas 158-177 Autor(es) 2025 [http://dx.doi.org/10.17583/ijep.16426](http://dx.doi.org/10.17583/ijep.16426) Explorando el Papel Mediador de la Fortaleza Espiritual en la Relación entre la Autoestima y el Florecimiento entre Adolescentes Víctimas del Acoso Escolar en Indonesia Krishervina Rani-Lidiawati 1, Teguh Lesmana 1, Rijanto Purbojo 1 y Sandra Yu-Rueger2 1) Universitas Pelita Harapan, Indonesia 2) Wheaton, IL, Estados Unidos Resumen Este estudio examina la relación entre la autoestima y el florecimiento entre las víctimas adolescentes de acoso escolar, con la fortaleza espiritual como un posible mediador. Basándoseen una muestra de 1.126 adolescentes indonesios de entre 15 y 23 años, la investigación utiliza la Escala de Autoestima de Rosenberg, la Escala de Florecimiento y la Escala de Fortaleza Espiritual-9 para evaluar estos constructos. Los hallazgos revelan que la autoestima predice significativamente el florecimiento, en consonancia con estudios previos que destacan su papelen la promoción del bienestar psicológico. Además, la fortaleza espiritual surge como un mediador parcial significativo, lo que indica que, aunque la autoestima proporciona una base para la resiliencia, la fortaleza espiritual mejora la capacidad de los adolescentes para encontrar sentido y estabi

FAQs

What relationship does the study examine among Indonesian adolescents?

The study examines the relationship between self-esteem and flourishing among adolescent victims of bullying.

How is spiritual fortitude used in the analysis?

Spiritual fortitude is tested as a potential mediator, and it is found to function as a significant partial mediator.

What are the main methodological limitations noted?

The study uses a correlational design with cross-sectional data, relies on self-report measures, and does not include bootstrapping; it also does not analyze bullying frequency or power imbalance.

Oct 15, 2026

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