Silicon sensors with resistive read-out - Machine Learning techniques for ultimate spatial resolution

Aug 4, 2026

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Resistive AC-coupled Silicon Detectors (RSDs) leverage Low Gain Avalanche Diode (LGAD) technology with an innovative resistive read-out to improve high-precision tracking. A new electrode design for RSD2 maximizes signal sharing and delivers an approximately 8 µm position resolution across the full pixel surface at 200 µm pitch. RSD2 arrays are characterized with a Transient Current Technique using a 16-channel digitizer, and spatial-resolution results are obtained through machine-learning algorithms based on waveform information.

LanguageEnglish

CategoryResearch & Report

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Reading Time8 min

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Abstract

1. Introduction

2. Laboratory measurements

3. Machine Learning Analysis

POLITECNICO DI TORINO Repository ISTITUZIONALE Silicon sensors with resistive read-out: Machine Learning techniques for ultimate spatial resolution Original Silicon sensors with resistive read-out: Machine Learning techniques for ultimate spatial resolution / Tornago, Marta; Giobergia, Flavio; Menzio, Luca; Siviero, Federico; Arcidiacono, Roberta; Cartiglia, Nicolo'; Costa, M; Ferrero, M; Gioachin, G; Mandurrino, M; Sola, V. -In: NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS AND METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH. SECTION A, ACCELERATORS, SPECTROMETERS, DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT. -ISSN 1872- 9576. -1047:(2023) . [10 . 1016/j. nima.2022. 167816] Availability: This version is available at: 11583/2974203 since: 2023-05-03T12:19:46Z Publisher: Elsevier Published DOI:10.1016/j.nima.2022.167816 Terms of use: This article is made available under terms and conditions as specified in the corresponding bibliographic description in the repository Publisher copyright Elsevier postprint/Author's Accepted Manuscript © 2023. This manuscript version is made available under the CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license [http://creativecommons.org/l](http://creativecommons.org/l)icenses/by-nc-nd/4 .0/ .The final authenticated version is available online at: [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2022.167816](http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2022.167816) (Article begins on next page) 27 March 2025 Silicon sensors with resistive read-out: Machine Learning techniques for ultimate spatial resolution M. Tornagoa,b,∗, F. Giobergiad , L. Menziob,a , F. Sivieroa , R. Arcidiaconoc , N. Cartigliab , M. Costaa , M. Ferreroc , G. Gioachina , M. Mandurrinob , V. Solab a Universit`a degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy bINFN, Torino, Italy c Universit`a del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy d Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy Abstract Resistive AC-coupled Silicon Detectors (RSDs) are based on the Low Gain Avalanche Diode (LGAD) technology, characterized by a continuous gain layer, and by the innovative introduction of resistive read-out. Thanks to a novel electrode design aimed at maximizing signal sharing, RSD2, the second RSD production by Fondazione Bruno Kessler (FBK), achieves a position resolution on the whole pixel surface of about 8 µm for 200-µm pitch. RSD2 arrays have been tested using a Transient Current Technique setup equipped with a 16-channel digitizer, and results on spatial resolution have been obtained with machine learning algorithms. Keywords: LGAD, AC-LGAD, Particle tracking detectors, Solid-state detectors, High Energy Physics 1. Introduction RSDs are a new generation of n-in-p silicon sensors with nearly 100% fill-factor designed for high-precision 4D tracking in experiments at future colliders. RSDs are based on the Low Gain Avalanche Diode (LGAD) technology but contain one single continuous gain layer. The segmentation of the device is realized by resistive AC-coupled read-out (Fig. 1): (i) the AC coupling of the metal pads occurs through a dielectric layer, and (ii) a continuous resistive n+ electrode allows charge sharing. As a result, the signal is shared among multiple readout pads. When a particle hits the sensor, each AC pad sees a signal which becomes smaller and more delayed with increasing distance from the impinging point. This RSD key feature allows reaching an unprecedented spatial resolution. Figure 1: Cross section of an RSD sensor. RSD2 was manufactured in 2021: it includes 15 wafers with varying resistivity (∼ kΩ/□), oxide thickness, and gain dose. Each wafer comprises several sensor geometries, with different active areas, pitch, and AC pad number, and size. With respect ∗ Corresponding author Email address: marta .tornago@edu .unito .it (M. Tornago) to RSD1 [1], this new batch optimizes the design of the AC pads in order to minimize the area covered by metal and improve the sharing of signals among pads. 2. Laboratory measurements RSD2 sensors have been tested in the Laboratory for In

FAQs

What are resistive AC-coupled Silicon Detectors (RSDs) based on?

RSDs are based on Low Gain Avalanche Diode (LGAD) technology, enhanced by an innovative resistive read-out design.

What position resolution does RSD2 achieve at 200 µm pitch?

RSD2 achieves about 8 µm position resolution across the whole pixel surface for a 200 µm pitch.

How is spatial resolution measured and reconstructed in the study?

Sensors are tested with the Transient Current Technique using a 16-channel digitizer, then position reconstruction is performed with machine-learning algorithms using extracted waveform features.

Aug 4, 2026

Upload by Finn