ILO Working Paper 140 - Generative AI and Jobs: A Refined Global Index of Occupational Exposure - May 2025

Sep 14, 2026

Uploaded by Mack Lee

This study updates the ILO’s 2023 Global Index of Occupational Exposure to Generative AI by integrating recent advances in GenAI and growing familiarity with GenAI tools. Using survey evidence from 1,640 employed respondents across 1-digit ISCO-08 groups and task-based data covering Polish occupational classifications, it collects extensive measurements on perceived automation potential for thousands of tasks. The results are triangulated through expert surveys and Delphi-style discussions to refine an occupational exposure repository that supports analysis of work impacts and policy considerations.

LanguageEnglish

CategoryPresentations

FormatPDF

Pages76

Reading Time27 min

AccessFree to download

Abstract

Methodology and data sources

Delphi-style expert validation

Outputs and repository

ILO Working Paper 140 May / 2025 X Generative AI and Jobs A Refined Global Index of Occupational Exposure Authors / Pawel Gmyrek, Janine Berg, Karol Kamiński, Filip Konopczyński, Agnieszka Ładna, Balint Nafradi, Konrad Rosłaniec, Marek Troszyński © International Labour Organization 2025 Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International. See: [https://](https://)[ ](https://)[creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The)[. The](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The) user is allowed to reuse, share (copy and redistribute), adapt (remix, transform and build upon the original work) as detailed in the licence. The user must clearly credit the ILO as the source of the material and indicate if changes were made to the original content. Use of the emblem, name and logo of the ILO is not permitted in connection with translations, adaptations or other derivative works. Attribution – The user must indicate if changes were made and must cite the work as follows: Gmyrek, P., Berg, J., Kamiński, K., Konopczyński, F., Ładna, A., Nafradi, B., Rosłaniec, K., Troszyński, M. Generative AI andJobs: A Refined Global Indexof Occupational Exposure. ILO Working Paper 140. Geneva: International Labour Office, 2025.© ILO. Translations – In case of a translation of this work, the following disclaimer must be added along with the attribution: This is a translation of a copyrighted work of the International Labour Organization (ILO). This translation has not been prepared, reviewed or endorsed by the ILO and should not be considered an official ILO translation. The ILO disclaims all responsibility for its content and accuracy. Responsibility rests solely with the author(s) of the translation. Adaptations – In case of an adaptation of this work, the following disclaimer must be added along with the attribution: This is an adaptation of a copyrighted work of the International Labour Organization (ILO). This adaptation has not been prepared, reviewed or endorsed by the ILO and should not be considered an official ILO adaptation. The ILO disclaims all responsibility for its content and accuracy. Responsibility rests solely with the author(s) of the adaptation. Third-party materials –This Creative Commons licence does not apply to non-ILO copyright materials included in this publication. If the material is attributed to a third party, the user of such material is solely responsible for clearing the rights with the rights holder and for any claims of infringement. Any dispute arising under this licence that cannot be settled amicably shall be referred toarbitration in accordance with the Arbitration Rules of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL). The parties shall be bound by any arbitration award rendered as a result of such arbitration as the final adjudication of such a dispute. For details on rights and licensing, contact: [rights@ilo.org](rights@ilo.org. For details on)[. For details on](rights@ilo.org. For details on) ILO publications and digital products, [visit:](visit: www.ilo.org/publns)[ www.ilo.org/publns](visit: www.ilo.org/publns). ISBN 9789220421840 (print), ISBN 9789220421857 (web PDF), ISBN 9789220421864 (epub), ISBN 9789220421871 (html). ISSN 2708-3438 (print), ISSN 2708-3446 (digital) [https://doi.org/10.54394/HETP0387](https://doi.org/10.54394/HETP0387) The designations employed in ILO publications, which are in conformity with United Nations practice, and the presentation of material therein do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the ILO concerning the legal status of any country, area or territory or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. See: [www.ilo](www.ilo). org/disclaimer. The opinions and views expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the

FAQs

What does the study update compared with the 2023 Global Index of Occupational Exposure to GenAI?

It updates the ILO’s 2023 index by incorporating recent advances in GenAI and increasing user familiarity with GenAI tools.

How is perceived automation potential measured in the study?

The study uses a representative sample from tasks in the Polish occupational classification system and a survey of employed people across 1-digit ISCO-08 groups to collect data points on perceived automation potential for many tasks.

How are expert views used to refine the occupational exposure results?

Findings are compared with expert surveys and refined through several rounds of Delphi-style discussions among international experts.

Sep 14, 2026

Uploaded by Mack Lee