TOEFL® Reference List

Sep 28, 2026

TOEFL® Reference List compiles scholarly studies and ETS research reports connected to English language assessment and TOEFL-related performance. The entries address themes such as testing and proficiency moderation, item and score performance across language groups, argumentation and writing practices, reading and speaking strategy use, motivation and anxiety factors, and automated or electronic instructional approaches. Citations include journal articles and research reports with publication details and DOI links for verification.

LanguageEnglish

CategoryExam

FormatPDF

Pages37

Reading Time1 h 33 min

AccessFree to download

References

TOEFL® Reference List Abraham, R. G., & Plakans, B. S. (1988). Evaluating a screening/training program for NNS teaching assistants. TESOL Quarterly, 22, 505–508. [https://doi.org/10.2307/3587294](https://doi.org/10.2307/3587294) Aertselaer, J. N.-V. (2013). Contextualizing EFL argumentation writing practices within the Common European Framework descriptors. Journal of Second Language Writing, 22, 198–209. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j](https://doi.org/10.1016/j). jslw.2013.03.010 Al-Hawamdeh, R. F., & Al-Khanji, R. (2017). The effects of motivation and other factors on second language acquisition: A case study on achieving advanced oral proficiency in English. Arab World English Journal, 8(1), 165–178. [https://doi.org/10.24093/awej/vol8no1.12](https://doi.org/10.24093/awej/vol8no1.12) Alavi, S. M., & Bordbar, S. (2012a). Are they right participants for the right strategies? A case study in the role of levels of language ability in strategy use in reading section of TOEFL iBT ®. Theory & Practice in Language Studies, 2, 877–886. [https://doi.org/10.4304/tpls.2.5.877-886](https://doi.org/10.4304/tpls.2.5.877-886) Alavi, S. M., & Bordbar, S. (2012b). A closer look at reading strategy use in reading section of TOEFL iBT. Theory & Practice in Language Studies, 2, 450–460. [https://doi.org/10.4304/tpls.2.3.450-460](https://doi.org/10.4304/tpls.2.3.450-460) Alderman, D. L. (1981). Language proficiency as a moderator variable in testing academic aptitude (Research Report No. RR-81-41). Educational Testing Service. [https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2333-8504.1981.tb01268.x](https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2333-8504.1981.tb01268.x) Alderman, D. L., & Holland, P. W. (1981). Item performance across native language groups on the Test of English as a Foreign Language™ (Research Report No. RR-81-16). Educational Testing Service. [https://doi](https://doi). org/10.1002/j.2333-8504.1981.tb01251.x Alderson, J. C. (2009). Test of English as a Foreign Language™: Internet-based Test (TOEFL® iBT). Language Testing, 26, 621–631. [https://doi.org/10.1177/0265532209346371](https://doi.org/10.1177/0265532209346371) Almond, R. G., & Mislevy, R. J. (1998). Graphical models and computerized adaptive testing (Research Report No. RR-98- 04). Educational Testing Service. [https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2333-8504.1998.tb01753.x](https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2333-8504.1998.tb01753.x) Altinsoy, E., & Boyraz, S. (2017). The relationship between metalinguistic knowledge and speaking anxiety of ELT students. International Journal of Language Academy, 5, 151–158. Aminloo, M. S. (2013). The effect of collaborative writing on EFL learners writing ability at elementary level. Journal of Language Teaching & Research, 4, 801–806. [https://doi.org/10.4304/jltr.4.4.801-806](https://doi.org/10.4304/jltr.4.4.801-806) Amiryousefi, M., & Tavakoli, M. (2011). The relationship between test anxiety, motivation and MI and the TOEFL iBT reading, listening and writing scores. Procedia—Social and Behavioral Sciences, 15, 210–214. [https://doi](https://doi). org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.03.075 Anderson-Hsieh, J. (1990). Teaching suprasegmentals to international teaching assistants using field-specific materials. English for Specific Purposes, 9, 195–214. [https://doi.org/10.1016/0889-4906](https://doi.org/10.1016/0889-4906)(90)90013-3 Anderson-Hsieh, J. (1992). Using electronic visual feedback to teach suprasegmentals. System, 20, 51–62. [https://doi](https://doi). org/10.1016/0346-251X(92)90007-P Anderson‐Hsieh, J., & Koehler, K. (1988). The effect of foreign accent and speaking rate on native speaker comprehension. Language Learning, 38, 561–613. [https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-1770.1988.tb00167.x](https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-1770.1988.tb00167.x) Angelis, P. J., Swinton, S. S., & Cowell, W. R. (1979). The performance of non-nativespeakers of English on TOEFL® and verbal aptitude tests (Research Report No. RR-79-07). Educational Testing Service. [https://doi](https://do

FAQs

What topics do the TOEFL reference entries cover?

The list includes studies on language proficiency and testing effects, score performance across groups, strategy use in reading and other skills, writing and argumentation practices, and factors such as motivation and anxiety. It also includes work related to instructional methods and automated scoring.

Are the entries primarily journal articles or ETS research reports?

Both are included, with citations for journal publications and ETS research reports, each providing publication information and, where available, DOI links for access.

How can a reader use this reference list?

The reference list provides structured bibliographic sources related to TOEFL and English language assessment, enabling readers to locate prior research for literature reviews, study design, and further citation.

Sep 28, 2026

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