The Rise of Modern Thought in Indonesia: Raden Adjeng Kartini's Radical Thoughts about Inclusive Education and Gender

Jul 3, 2026

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The paper examines women’s awareness education in Indonesia through Raden Adjeng Kartini’s perspective, highlighting her inclusive educational thinking and its implications for advancing modern education. Inclusive values are analyzed via gender-focused issues while extending the broader inclusivism criteria that define modern schooling. Using a historical qualitative approach with heuristic, critique, interpretation, and historiography, the study derives Kartini-based ideals for women’s inclusive education and proposes an inclusive, gender-aware university curriculum model.

LanguageEnglish

CategoryResearch & Report

FormatPDF

Pages6

Reading Time15 min

Abstract

Introduction

Methods

Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 649 2nd World Conference on Gender Studies (WCGS 2021) The Rise of Modern Thought in Indonesia: Raden Adjeng Kartini's Radical Thoughts about the Idealism of Inclusive Education and Gender *Surya Desismansyah Eka Putra 1 , Siti Awaliyah 1 , Sudirman Sudirman 1 , Vishalache Balakrishnan2 1 Universitas Negeri Malang, Indonesia 2 Universiti Malaya, Malaysia *Email: [surya.putra.fis@um.ac.id](surya.putra.fis@um.ac.id) ABSTRACT This paper analyzes the concept of women's awareness education in Indonesia through the perspective of Raden Adjeng Kartini. This is intended to explore the other side of Raden Adjeng Kartini's inclusive thinking about education in Indonesia, which is fighting for the existence of women and realizing modern education. Therefore, Kartini's inclusive value is measured by gender issues and more than that, namely expanding the scope of inclusivism, which is the criteria for modern education. This paper used the historical method with heuristic, critique, Interpretation, and historiography approaches. The output of this research is the idealism of inclusive education for women from the perspective of Raden Adjeng Kartini, and an inclusive education curriculum that is aware of women for universities. Keywords: Women's Awareness Education, Raden Adjeng Kartini, Inclusive Education, Kartini’s School.. 1. INTRODUCTION The patriarchal stereotype of Javanese culture makes women placed in more minor strategic positions. The role of women is minimal and is just known as koncowingking who takes care of domestic matters [1] . Only women with priyayi status or garwa padmi, namely noble wives [2], have access to a better life than other women, especially access to education. However, the figure of Raden Adjeng Kartini with his revolutionary mind comes with a new direction. Before Kartini's letters containing her criticisms and her demands about women's life were published with the title "Habis Gelap, Terbitlah Terang", social treatment of Javanese women was identical to howto treat people with disabilities. The context of women's disability does not come from physical disability, but in the function of women who are only seen as reproductive and economic tools for men. Women don't need to be educated. Women only need to be good at making up, good at serving their husbands, good at cooking and serving food, and merely to know how to build a good family. At 15, this woman is secluded at sufficient age while waiting for the man to come to ask for her hand. Even a man's origins don't really matter. Is he married or still single. Kartini was very instrumental in removing the stigma against Javanese women by introducing inclusive education. There are two ways for Kartini to introduce inclusive education; first, that education is the right of all nations regardless of gender. Second, the educational curriculum accommodates the existence of women. The presence of women in the implementation of education atthe Kartini School contains the values of humanity by providing opportunities and the share of women in reconstructing the culture and social society that is too male-dominated. Then also convince the public about the dignity of women through awareness to understand the ideal age of marriage for women, awareness about household provisions (parenting education), and other technical matters related to women. At this point, the concept of inclusive education that was aware of women, the fruit of Kartini's thought, began to find its form. Apart from the controversy over Kartini being branded as an icon of modern Javanese women as a result of Dutch education [3], this paper seeks to construct Kartini's inclusive thinking as a starting point for the birth of modern education in Indonesia which is rarely heard. This does not aim to delegitimize the role of Taman Siswa, which since its establishment in 1922 is more often regarded as the firs

FAQs

What is the central focus of Kartini’s inclusive education as discussed in the paper?

The paper focuses on women’s awareness education and inclusive education values derived from Kartini’s ideas, emphasizing the right of all nations regardless of gender and curricula that accommodate women.

How does the paper justify measuring Kartini’s inclusivism?

Kartini’s inclusive value is evaluated through gender-related issues and by expanding inclusivism as a criterion of modern education, including how education curricula and teaching practices enable women’s participation.

What research methods are used to analyze Kartini’s ideas and the Kartini School curriculum?

The study applies a historical method with heuristic, critique, interpretation, and historiography, and uses qualitative case-study interviews to obtain data on Kartini’s inclusiveness ideas and the curriculum implemented at Kartini School.

Jul 3, 2026

Upload by Riley