The Realization of Conversational Implicatures in Listening Comprehension of ‘Longman Preparation Course for the TOEFL Test’

Oct 1, 2026

Studying implicatures cannot be separated from studying pragmatics. Studying pragmatics focuses on meaning in context, which is essential for communication. This study explains how idiosyncratic and formulaic conversational implicatures are realized in the listening comprehension section of “LONGMAN Preparation Course for the TOEFL Test.” Using qualitative content analysis, data were taken from short-conversation scripts. Findings show four idiosyncratic types and several formulaic categories, while pope-Q and MRR were absent. Results aim to inform theory and improve learners’ listening performance.

LanguageEnglish

CategoryExam

FormatPDF

Pages12

Reading Time30 min

AccessFree to download

Introduction

TOEFL and English proficiency testing

Longman Preparation Course and listening section format

Explicature and implicature

Pragmatics and meaning in context

| | EEJ 12 (4) (2022) 498-509
English Education Journal
[http://journal.unnes.ac.id/sju/index.php/eej](http://journal.unnes.ac.id/sju/index.php/eej) | | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | The Realization of Conversational Implicatures in Listening Comprehension of ‘Longman Preparation Course for the TOEFL Test’
Etik Khusnul Khotimah􀀍 , Djanuarius Mujiyanto, Hendi Pratama
Universitas Negeri Semarang, Indonesia | | | | | Article Info
Article History: Accepted 09 May 2022 Approved 04 July 2022 Published 23
December 2022
Keywords: Conversational implicatures, formulaic
implicatures, idiosyncratic implicatures. | | Abstract
Studying implicatures cannot be separated from studying pragmatics. Studying pragmatics is studying meaning in context. Understanding meaning in context is very essential in communication. The purpose of the study was to explain the realization of idiosyncratic and formulaic conversational implicatures in listening comprehension section of ‘LONGMAN Preparation Course for the TOEFL Test’. Qualitative research is used to collect data, analyze the data, and take a conclusion based on the analysis of the findings. The type of qualitative study used is content analysis. In a TOEFL book titled LONGMAN Preparation Course for the TOEFL Test, data were implicatures in every conversation covered in the script of the short conversation of listening comprehension section. The researcher found that the four types of idiosyncratic implicature were all in the short conversations of listening comprehension section in the TOEFL book "LONGMAN Preparation Course for the TOEFL Test.”Meanwhile, formulaic implicature that could be found were idiomatic, scalar, sequential, and indirect criticism implicature. However, the other formulaic implicature such as pope-Q and MRR (Minimum Requirement Rule) could not be found. Finally, it is expected that the result of this research can provide scientific information about formulaic and idiosyncratic conversational implicature theory and practically improve students' awareness of formulaic and idiosyncratic implicature. It is also expected that it can help the students to do the listening comprehension section in every TOEFL test. Then, the results of this research can pedagogically be used to understand English better in its actual use and help learners better understand formulaic and idiosyncratic implicature. | | 􀀍 Correspondence Address: Kampus Pascasarjana UNNES Kelud utara 3 Sampangan Semarang, Indonesia E-mail: [etikaha@students.unnes.ac.id](etikaha@students.unnes.ac.id) p-ISSN 2087-0108 e-ISSN 2502-4566 INTRODUCTION Almost at every university in Indonesia, students who will graduate are obligated to pass English proficiency tests to measure their ability in mastering English. Hughes (2003) pointed out that proficiency tests are used to measure people’s ability in a language although they have been trained in that language. Besides, some universities in overseas obligate students who intend to register in such universities to pass English proficiency tests such as IELTS and TOEFL as one of the requirements. Besides, students who want to get scholarships sometimes should attach IELTS or TOEFL with a certain passing grade as one of the requirements. Longman Preparation Course for the TOEFL test is one of the well-known TOEFL course books, which is written by Deborah Phillips. This book is intended to prepare students for the TOEFL test in paper format. TOEFL paper-based test contains listening comprehension, structure, and written expression, and reading comprehension. This book is completed with diagnostic pre-test, TOEFL post-test, exercises in a non-TOEFL and TOEFL format. Skills and strategies are also provided in this book with clearly defined steps to improve students' performance on the test. The complete tests which are provided in paper format allow the students to stimulate the experience of taking actual TOEFL tests with all of the sectio

FAQs

What is the main purpose of the study?

To explain the realization of idiosyncratic and formulaic conversational implicatures in the listening comprehension section of “LONGMAN Preparation Course for the TOEFL Test.”

What research method is used?

A qualitative research approach with content analysis is used to collect and analyze data from the TOEFL listening scripts.

Which implicature types were found and which were not?

Four types of idiosyncratic implicature were found in the short conversations, and formulaic implicature categories included idiomatic, scalar, sequential, and indirect criticism; pope-Q and MRR could not be found.

Oct 1, 2026

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