The Impact of Large-Scale EV Charging on the Real-Time Operation of Distribution Systems: A Comprehensive Review

Jul 16, 2026

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Large-scale electric vehicle (EV) integration into distribution grids introduces significant uncertainty for real-time operation because EV charging patterns are inherently unpredictable. These uncertainties can intensify load fluctuations, degrade power quality, and threaten grid stability and security. EVs also act as controllable loads and energy storage resources, enabling mitigation through coordinated real-time management, load smoothing, renewable variability balancing, and ancillary service provision. The review analyzes adverse impacts, state estimation, system frameworks, performance improvement methods, and emerging technologies for real-time EV management.

LanguageEnglish

CategoryResearch & Report

FormatPDF

Pages24

Reading Time1 h 0 min

Introduction

Negative Impacts of EV Charging on Real-Time Distribution Operation

Real-Time EV Charging Management Strategies

Smart Charging and Charging Environment Management

Energy Coordination, Battery Management, and Ancillary Services

Real-Time State Estimation and System Frameworks

Performance Improvement and Emerging Technologies

Highlights The impact of large-scale EV charging on the real-time operation of distribution systems: A comprehensive review Zhe Yu,Chuang Yang,Qin Wang • A detailed analysis of EV real-time management system is presented. • The grid management strategies to reverse negative impacts from EV integration to positive outcomes are discussed. • Real-time state estimation and major system frameworks supporting the real-time management system are analyzed. • System performance improvement methods and emerging topics are reviewed. arXiv :2507 .21759v3 [ ee ss . SY] 11 Jul 2026 The impact of large-scale EV charging on the real-time operation of distribution systems: A comprehensive review⋆,⋆⋆ Zhe Yua , Chuang Yanga and Qin Wanga,∗ a Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, 999077, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region ARTICLE INFO Keywords: Electric vehicles Distribution system EV-grid integration Real-time management system AB STRACT With the large-scale integration of electric vehicles (EVs) in the distribution grid, the unpredictable nature of EV charging introduces considerable uncertainties to the grid’s real-time operations. This can exacerbate load fluctuations, compromise power quality, and pose risks to the grid’s stability and security. However, due to their dual role as controllable loads and energy storage devices, EVshave the potential to mitigate these fluctuations, balance the variability of renewable energy sources, and provide ancillary services that support grid stability. By leveraging the bidirectional flow of information and energy in smart grids, the adverse effects of EV charging can be minimized and even converted into beneficial outcomes through effective real-time management strategies. This paper explores the negative impacts of EV charging on the distribution system’s real-time operations and outlines methods to transform these challenges into positive contributions. Additionally, it providesan in-depth analysis of the real-time EV management system, focusing on state estimation, system frameworks, performance improvement and emerging technologies. 1. Introduction As industrial society continues to evolve, the transportation sector has remained a major contributor to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. While traditional internal combustion engine vehicles have facilitated convenient mobility, they have also significantly polluted the environment. In recent years, as the transportation sector strives for cleaner and more sustainable solutions, electric vehicles (EVs) have become a key factor in reducing GHG emissions [1]. With their low maintenance requirements and superior performance, the number of EVs has increased rapidly, marking significant progress in the electrification of transportation [2] . According to the International Energy Agency’s Global EV Outlook 2024, the global stock of EVs, excluding two- and threewheelers, is projected to grow from under 45 million in 2023 to 250 million by 2030, and further to 525 million by 2035 . By that time, more than a quarter of all vehicles on the road will be electric. The widespread adoption of EVs offers numerous benefits, such as reducing GHG emissions through decreased fossil fuel use and enhancing transportation capacity to lower costs. However, integrating EVs on a large scale into distribution networks poses significant challenges for grid operation. It is anticipated that by 2040, EVs will account for approximately 28% of the market share, resulting in an 11-20% increase in global electricity consumption [3] . Additionally, the increased demand from EV charging during peak hours could place greater pressure on the safe and stable operation of existing distribution system. This could ∗Corresponding author [zhe-ee.yu@connect.polyu.hk](zhe-ee.yu@connect.polyu.hk) (Z. Yu); [c1yang@polyu.edu.hk](c1yang@polyu.edu.hk) (C. Yang); [qin-ee.wang@polyu.edu.hk](qin-ee.

FAQs

How does large-scale EV charging affect the real-time operation of distribution systems?

Unpredictable charging creates uncertainties that can increase load fluctuations, worsen power quality, and raise risks to grid stability and security.

What opportunities do EVs provide that can offset these negative effects?

EVs can function as controllable loads and energy storage devices, helping smooth loads, balance distributed generation variability, and provide ancillary services to support grid stability.

What key technical elements does the review focus on for real-time EV management?

The review emphasizes real-time state estimation, overall system frameworks, and methods for performance improvement, along with emerging technologies for real-time management.

Jul 16, 2026

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