The Impact of High School Entrance Examination Competition on Students - Participation in Extracurricular Tutoring in the Compulsory Education Period - An Empirical Analysis Based on the Data of China Family Panel Studies

Oct 15, 2026

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We used a Hierarchical Linear Bernoulli Model with CFPS 2016 data and provincial high school acceptance-rate information to examine how entrance examination competition relates to students’ participation in extracurricular tutoring during compulsory education. High school acceptance rates show a significant positive effect, while occupational acceptance rates show no significant influence. Effects are heterogeneous across families’ social classes and school stages, and demonstration high school acceptance rates reduce participation. Policy implications include expanding high-quality resources and increasing demonstration admissions for disadvantaged families to reduce competition pressure and promote opportunity equality.

LanguageEnglish

CategoryResearch & Report

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Abstract

Introduction

Educational equity and opportunity stratification

Role of demonstration high schools and tutoring demand

(Further sections not extracted)

The Impact of High School Entrance Examination Competition on Students’Participation in Extracurricular Tutoring in the Compulsory Education Period: An Empirical Analysis Based on the Data of China Family Panel Studies Haiping Xue, 1 Chenchen Fang2 1. Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China 2. Peking University, Beijing 100871, China Abstract. We used the Hierarchical Linear Bernoulli Model based on China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) 2016 data and provincial highschool acceptance rate data. We explored the relationship between provincial high school entrance examination competition and students’ extracurricular tutoring participation during compulsory education. The study found that the high school acceptance rate and occupational highschool acceptance rate have no significant effect on the participation rate of students’ extracurricular tutoring in the compulsory education stage. However, the high school acceptance rate has a significant positive impact on the participation rate of students’ extracurricular tutoring, and there is a heterogeneous effect on the participation rate of students’ extracurricular tutoring from families of different social classes. The higher the high school acceptance rate, the greater the probability of students from families with higher social strata participating in extracurricular tutoring. The demonstration high school acceptance rate has a significant negative impact on students’ extracurricular tutoring participation rate. It has a heterogeneous influence on students’ extracurricular tutoring participation in different school stages and social class families. The education administration department should actively expand high-quality, high school educational resources and increase the demonstration high school acceptance rate. And to increase the number of admissions for the demonstration high school to disadvantaged fami lies with lower social strata to alleviate the pressure offamilies and stu- | dents from the high school entrance examination competition. This cannot only reduce the participation rate of students’ extracurricular tutoring during the compulsory education stage, but also promote the equalization of high-quality high school entrance opportunities for children of different classes offamilies.
Best Evidence in Chinese Education 2021; 8(2):1081-1102.
Doi: 10.15354/bece.21.or040. | | --- | | How to Cite: Xue, H., & Fang, C. (2021). The impact of high school entrance examination competition on students’participation in extracurricular tutoring in the compulsory education period: An empirical analysis based on the data ofChina Family
Panel Studies. Best Evidence in Chinese Education, 8(2):1081-1102. | Keywords: Extracurricular Tutoring, High School Acceptance Rate, High School, Demonstration High School, Education Competition About the Author: Chenchen Fang, Graduate School of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China. E [mail:](mail: fcc1121@pku.edu.cn)[ f](mail: fcc1121@pku.edu.cn)[cc1121@pku.edu.cn](mail: fcc1121@pku.edu.cn) Correspondence to: Haiping Xue, College of Education, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China. E [mail:](mail: xuehaiping_416@163.com)[ ](mail: xuehaiping_416@163.com)[xuehaiping_416@163.com](mail: xuehaiping_416@163.com) Conflict of Interests: None. © 2021 Insights Publisher. All rights reserved. Creative Commons Non Commercial CC BY-NC: This article is distributed under the terms of the Crea tive Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 License ([http://www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by](http://www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by)nc/4.0/) which permits non-commercial use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed by the Insights Publisher. Introduction EDUCATION equity is an essential foundation of social equity. China’s high school education has made remarkable achievements. The gross enrollment rate of high school ha

FAQs

What data and model are used in the study?

The analysis uses China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) 2016 data combined with provincial high school acceptance-rate data, estimated with a Hierarchical Linear Bernoulli Model.

How does high school acceptance rate relate to extracurricular tutoring participation?

High school acceptance rate has a significant positive impact on students’ participation in extracurricular tutoring during compulsory education.

How do effects differ by family social class and demonstration high school acceptance rate?

The study finds heterogeneous effects across social-class families, where higher acceptance rates correspond to higher participation among students from higher social strata. Demonstration high school acceptance rate shows a significant negative impact and related heterogeneous influences across school stages.

Oct 15, 2026

Uploaded by Bulrr