Sustainable carbon nanoarchitectonics: a biomass derived carbon nano-onion/magnetite composite as a reusable catalyst for solvent-free synthesis of benzoxazinones and benzthioxazinones

Sep 29, 2026

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Sustainable carbon nanoarchitectonics research reports a biomass-derived carbon nano-onion/magnetite (CNO/Fe3O4) nanocomposite synthesized from flaxseed oil using a simple, eco-friendly wick pyrolysis route. The hybrid catalyst enables solvent-free one-pot synthesis of benzoxazinones and benzothioxazinones with yields up to 95%. Its layered CNO architecture plus Fe3O4 magnetism provides high surface area, thermal stability, and magnetic recyclability across multiple cycles with minimal activity loss. FT-IR, XRD, BET, HR-TEM, FE-SEM, EDX, TGA, XPS, and VSM verify structure, composition, and scalability at gram scale, supporting green, efficient, reusable catalysis.

LanguageEnglish

CategoryResearch & Report

FormatPDF

Pages14

Reading Time35 min

AccessFree to download

Introduction

Carbon nanoarchitectonics overview

Dimensionality and hybrid/composite materials

Carbon NanoOnions (CNOs) synthesis from biomass

Flaxseed oil as a precursor

Magnetically retrievable CNO/Fe3O4 composites

One-pot multicomponent synthesis toward benzoxazinones and benzothioxazinones

Nanoscale Advances PAPER Cite this: DOI: 10 .1039/d5na00674k Received 11th July 2025 Accepted 10th October 2025 DOI: 10.1039/d5na00674k[rsc.li/nanoscale-advances](rsc.li/nanoscale-advances) Sustainable carbon nanoarchitectonics: a biomass derived carbon nano-onion/magnetite composite as a reusable catalyst for solvent-free synthesis of benzoxazinones and benzthioxazinones Gayathri Bindu Kurup, Prashanth Goud Banda, Emilin Francis and Raghasudha Mucherla * In pursuit of greener and more sustainable chemical transformations, we report the synthesis of a biomassderived carbon nano-onion/magnetite (CNO/Fe3O4) composite using ﬂaxseed oil via a facile, eco-friendly wick pyrolysis method. The resulting nanocomposite exhibits excellent catalytic activity for the solvent-free synthesis of benzoxazinones and benzothioxazinones—pharmacologically relevant heterocycles—with yields of up to 95% . The unique layered architecture of CNOs combined with the magnetic functionality of Fe3O4 imparts high surface area, thermal stability, and magnetic recoverability, enabling easy separation and reuse over multiple cycles with minimal activity loss. Comprehensive characterization using FT-IR, XRD, BET, HR-TEM, FE-SEM, EDX, TGA, XPS, and VSM conﬁrmed the structural integrity and composition of the hybrid catalyst. The methodology retains high eﬃciency at the gram scale, demonstrating its practical scalability. Overall, this study underscores the promise of biomass-derived nanocatalysts in advancing green chemistry through eﬃcient, recyclable, and scalable catalytic systems for the synthesis of value-added compounds. 1 Introduction Carbon nanoarchitectonics is an interdisciplinary 􀀁eld of materials science that is focused on the assembly and design of functional materials at the nanoscale using various carbonbased building blocks.1,2 Drawing on insights from materials chemistry, this approach enables the development of materials with exceptional features including high speci􀀁c surface area, tunable porosity, and excellent electrical conductivity.3 Carbon allotropes can be tailored for innumerable uses such as energy storage, catalysis, and water puri􀀁cation, which emphasizes the importance of this approach in modern materials research.4,5 The 􀀁eld of carbon nanoarchitectonics comprises structures of varying dimensionality ranging from zero-dimensional to three-dimensional carbon nanostructures. These arrangementsoﬀer unique performance advantages depending on their morphology and targeted function.6–9 A key advancement in this area is the development of hybrid and composite materials that integrate carbon nanomaterials with metals, polymers or ceramics, enabling synergistic enhancement of desired properties.10–12 Such strategies are especially bene􀀁cial in Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Warangal-506 004, Telangana, India. E-mail: [raghas13chem@nitw.ac.in](raghas13chem@nitw.ac.in); gb22cyr1r01@student. [nitw.ac.in](nitw.ac.in); [prashanthb@student.nitw.ac.in](prashanthb@student.nitw.ac.in); [ef24cyr1r01@student.nitw.ac.in](ef24cyr1r01@student.nitw.ac.in); Tel:+91 9550083100 © 2025 The Author(s) . Published by the Royal Society of Chemistry catalysis, where improved eﬃciency, stability and recyclability are essential. Additionally, the increasing focus on sustainability has propelled interest in biomass-derived carbon nanoarchitectures, which align with green chemistry principles.5 Among the diverse carbon nanostructures, Carbon NanoOnions (CNOs) represent a particularly fascinating class.13 These consist of concentric fullerene-like shells resembling onion layers and can be synthesized from sources such as graphite or carbon soot through methods like arc discharge, detonation and pyrolysis.14,15 Among these, pyrolytic methods stand out for their simplicity, versatility, and high yield. Notably, the use of environmentally benign and renewable sources for CNO synthesis supports the dual

FAQs

What catalyst system is developed in the study?

The study develops a biomass-derived carbon nano-onion/magnetite (CNO/Fe3O4) nanocomposite made from flaxseed oil.

How is the catalyst synthesized?

It is prepared via a facile, eco-friendly wick pyrolysis method using flaxseed oil as the biomass precursor.

What reactions does the catalyst enable and how effective is it?

It catalyzes solvent-free synthesis of benzoxazinones and benzothioxazinones with yields up to 95%, maintaining high efficiency at gram scale.

Sep 29, 2026

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