Subsidies, Trade, and International Cooperation - 2022 - Prepared by staff of IMF, OECD, World Bank, and WTO

Jul 19, 2026

Upload by Anda

A joint report examines how subsidies shape incentives and economic outcomes and how they interact with trade policy across borders. It maps the global landscape of subsidy measures, reviews existing multilateral rules—including the SCM Agreement, agriculture disciplines, GATS, and OECD export credit provisions—and summarizes the international policy debate. It concludes with priority actions centered on transparency and analysis, consultation and dialogue, and reinforcing rules and norms.

LanguageEnglish

CategoryResearch & Report

FormatPDF

Pages47

Reading Time1 h 58 min

Glossary

Executive Summary

I. Introduction

II. Subsidies: Design, Rationales, and Impact

III. Global Landscape of Subsidy Measures

IV. Existing Multilateral Rules

A. Subsidy Disciplines under the SCM Agreement

B. Subsidy Disciplines under the Agreement on Agriculture

C. Subsidy Rules in the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS)

D. OECD Export Credit Provisions

V. The International Policy Debate

VI. Priorities for Action

A. Transparency and Analysis

B. Moving Forward on Consultation and Dialogue

C. Rules and Norms

VII. Final Remarks

thorized Pub lic Disclosure thr el Disclosure Authorized Pub lic Disclosure Authorized Subsidies, Trade, and International Cooperation Prepared by staff of IMF, OECD, World Bank, and WTO 2022/001 Subsidies, Trade, and International Cooperation Prepared by staff of IMF, OECD, World Bank, and WTO Copyright ©2022 International Monetary Fund, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, The World Bank, and World Trade Organization Cataloging-in-Publication Data IMF Library Names: International Monetary Fund, publisher. | Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, publisher. | World Bank, publisher. | World Trade Organization, publisher. Title: Subsidies, trade, and international cooperation / prepared by staff of IMF, OECD, World Bank, WTO. Description: Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund, 2022. | 2022/001 . | Includes bibliographical references (page 50-52) . Identifiers: ISBN 9798400208355 (Paper) 9798400208386 (ePub) 9798400208409 (PDF) Subjects: LCSH: Subsidies. | International trade. Classification: LCC HF1430 .5.S8 2022 Prepared by the staffs of the IMF, OECD, The World Bank, and WTO. For the IMF, the views expressed here are those of the authors and should not be construed as the views of the IMF, its Executive Board, member governments, or any other entity mentioned herein. For the OECD, the report is prepared under the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD, and the opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Member countries of the OECD. For The World Bank, the findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. For the WTO, this work is published under the responsibility of the WTO Secretariat. The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the opinions or views of WTO members. This document, as well as any data and any map included herein, are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. The names of countries and territories used in this joint publication follow the practice of the IMF. Approved by Jeromin Zettelmeyer, Deputy Director, Strategy, Policy and Review Department (IMF); Mona Haddad (Global Director for Trade, Investment and Competitiveness at the World Bank (World Bank), Secretary-General (OECD), and Anabel González, Deputy Director-General (WTO) Any queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to the IMF Publisher Division, International Monetary Fund, 700 19th St., NW, Washington, DC 20431, USA; telephone: 202-623-7430; e-mail: [copyright@IMF.org](copyright@IMF.org) Publication orders may be placed online, by fax, or through the mail: International Monetary Fund, Publication Services P.O. Box 92780, Washington, DC 20090, U.S.A. Tel. (202) 623-7430 Fax: (202) 623-7201 [E-mail: ](E-mail: publications@IMF.org)[publications@IMF.org](E-mail: publications@IMF.org) [www.bookstore.IMF.org](www.bookstore.IMF.org) [www.elibrary.IMF.org](www.elibrary.IMF.org) Contents Glossary ........................................................................................................................................................... 2 Executive Summary........................................................................................................................................... 3 I. Introduction..................................................................................................................................................... 5 II. Subsidies: Design, Rationales, and Impact .................................................................................................... 6 III. G

FAQs

What issues does the report address regarding subsidies and trade?

The report analyzes subsidy design, rationales, and impacts, and how subsidy measures affect international trade and policy interactions.

Which multilateral rule frameworks are reviewed?

It reviews subsidy disciplines under the SCM Agreement, disciplines under the Agreement on Agriculture, rules in GATS, and OECD export credit provisions.

What priorities for action does the report recommend?

It emphasizes transparency and analysis, moving forward through consultation and dialogue, and strengthening rules and norms.

Jul 19, 2026

Upload by Anda