Question 1

What research question does the study address about instructional leadership and SES?

Accepted Answer

The study examines whether instructional leadership moderates the relationship between socioeconomic status and achievement at both school and student levels.

Question 2

Which data and analytical method are used to test the moderation effects?

Accepted Answer

The authors use cross-national PISA 2015 data and fit multilevel models to assess how instructional leadership effects vary across individual and school SES levels.

Question 3

What does the study find regarding math, science, and reading?

Accepted Answer

Instructional leadership significantly moderates the link between school-level SES and math achievement, but the moderation effect for individual SES and instructional leadership is not significant for any subject.

Question 4

What implication does the research make for socially just school leadership models?

Accepted Answer

The study calls for more research on how leadership moderates SES–achievement relationships, specifically using integrated models that incorporate the social justice aspect of school leadership.