Risk Factors of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma with Special Emphasis on Areca Nut Usage and Its Association with Clinicopathological Parameters and Recurrence

Sep 21, 2026

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a prevalent head and neck malignancy with substantial mortality. This retrospective cross-sectional study evaluates whether areca nut usage is associated with clinicopathological parameters and tumor recurrence in 228 OSCC patients resected in Karachi, Pakistan (2018–2022). Areca nut usage (reported in 59.6%) shows significant associations with multiple adverse features including male gender, larger tumor size, depth of invasion, higher tumor stage, nodal stage, perineural invasion, and recurrence.

LanguageEnglish

CategoryHealthcare

FormatPDF

Pages9

Reading Time23 min

AccessFree to download

Introduction

Materials and Methods

Ethics, Study Design, and Setting

Results

Conclusion

Wiley International Journal of Surgical Oncology Volume 2024, Article ID 9725822, 9 pages [https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/9725822](https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/9725822) Research Article Risk Factors of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma with Special Emphasis on Areca Nut Usage and Its Association with Clinicopathological Parameters and Recurrence Atif Ali Hashmi , 1 GhazalaMudassir ,2 Khushbakht Rashid ,3 Umair Arshad Malik 4 , Shamail Zia ,5 Fazail Zia ,5 and Muhammad Irfan 6 1 Department of Histopathology, Liaquat National Hospital and Medical College, Karachi, Pakistan 2 Department of Pathology, Shifa College of Dentistry, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan 3 Department of Nephrology, Sindh Institute of Urology and Transplantation, Karachi, Pakistan 4 Department of Internal Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan 5 Department of Pathology, Jinnah Sindh Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan 6 Department of Biostatistics, Liaquat National Hospital and Medical College, Karachi, Pakistan Correspondence should be addressed to Atif Ali Hashmi; [atifhashmi345@gmail.com](atifhashmi345@gmail.com) Received 3 May 2024; Accepted 20 August 2024 Academic Editor: Mohamed Rahouma Copyright © 2024 Atif Ali Hashmi et al. Tis is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Introduction. Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most prevalent type of head and neck cancer and is associated with high mortality, particularly in Southeast Asian countries. Areca nut usage, smoking, and alcohol consumption are the most common risk factors for OSCC. Areca nut chewing is highly prevalent in Pakistan and has been attributed to an increase in OSCC cases. Tis study aimed to determine the association between areca nut usage and various clinicopathological features of OSCC and further evaluate the association of clinicopathological parameters of OSCC with tumor recurrence. Materials and Methods. Te study was conducted using the data of 228 patients with OSCC resected at Liaquat National Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan, over 5 years between 2018 and 2022 . Clinicopathological data were collected from hospital archives, and associations between various risk factors and clinicopathological parameters were determined. Results. Males were more commonly afected (77.2%), and the most common age group was <50 years (54.4%) . Areca nut usage was reported in 59.6% of cases, and the buccal mucosa was the most common site (62.7%) . Areca nut usage was signifcantly associated with male gender, greater tumor size, greater depth of invasion (DOI), higher tumor stage, nodal stage, presence of perineural invasion (PNI), and recurrence. In addition, multivariate analysis revealed that OSCC recurrence was signifcantly associated with older age, larger tumor size and DOI, nodal metastasis, and areca nut usage. Conclusion. Areca nut-related OSCCs were associated with poor prognosis and recurrence in our study population. Furthermore, OSCC recurrence was associated with various clinicopathological parameters, such as larger tumor size, a higher DOI, and nodal metastasis. 1. Introduction Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), which occurs in the oral cavity, is the most common type of head and neck carcinoma and constitutes >90% of all oral cancers [1, 2] . According to data published by Global Cancer Statistics, a total of 377,713 cases and 177,757 deaths of OSCC were reported globally in 2020, with the majority afecting the Asian population [3] . OSCC is associated with high mortality, with the highest mortality rate in developing countries, particularly in India and other Southeast Asian regions [4] . OSCC is more prevalent among males than females, with middle age to elderly age group being the most susceptible age group [5] . Te highest incidence of OSCC

FAQs

What was the main objective of the study?

To determine the association between areca nut usage and clinicopathological features of OSCC, and to evaluate how clinicopathological parameters relate to tumor recurrence.

How many OSCC patients were included, and where were they treated?

The study included 228 OSCC patients whose tumors were resected at Liaquat National Hospital in Karachi, Pakistan, over the period 2018 to 2022.

Which factors were linked to OSCC recurrence in the multivariate analysis?

OSCC recurrence was significantly associated with older age, larger tumor size and depth of invasion, nodal metastasis, and areca nut usage.

Sep 21, 2026

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