Relationship between the level of mixed chemicals in male urine and the prevalence of male cancers, especially prostate cancer

Sep 23, 2026

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Study objective was to examine how mixed chemicals measured in male urine relate to cancer prevalence in men, with special attention to prostate cancer. The study included 1,068 male subjects and applied one-way analysis, WQS, Qgcomp, BKMR, and Restricted Cubic Spline modeling to test stability. Results showed positive associations between higher urinary mixed-chemical exposure and cancer risk, including prostate cancer, across adjusted and sensitivity analyses. Findings support a link between urinary chemical mixtures and increased prevalence of male cancers.

LanguageEnglish

CategoryHealthcare

FormatPDF

Pages17

Reading Time43 min

AccessFree to download

Objectives

Methods

Study population and statistical approaches

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TYPE Original Research PUBLISHED 12 March 2025 DOI 10.3389/fpubh.2025.1544174 OPEN ACCESS EDITED BY Denis Sarigiannis, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece REVIEWED BY Spyros Karakitsios, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece Shumin Ren, Sichuan University, China Phoka Rathebe, University of Johannesburg, South Africa *CORRESPONDENCE Jiuming Dai [xiaocaihong1027@163.com](xiaocaihong1027@163.com) †These authors have contributed equally to this work and share first authorship RECEIVED 12 December 2024 ACCEPTED 21 February 2025 PUBLISHED 12 March 2025 CITATION Zhang B, Sun H, Zhu B, Wang M, Zuo B and Dai J (2025) Relationship between the level of mixed chemicals in male urine and the prevalence of male cancers, especially prostate cancer. Front. Public Health 13:1544174 . doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2025.1544174 COPYRIGHT © 2025 Zhang, Sun, Zhu, Wang, Zuo and Dai. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) . The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. Relationship between the level of mixed chemicals in male urine and the prevalence of male cancers, especially prostate cancer Bin Zhang 1†, Hao Sun 2†, Bin Zhu3, Mengmeng Wang4, Bingli Zuo 5 and Jiuming Dai 1* 1 Binhai County People's Hospital, Yancheng, Jiangsu, China, 2Qingdao Hospital, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences (Qingdao Municipal Hospital), Qingdao, China, 3 Licang District Geriatric Hospital, Qingdao, China, 4Xiyuan Hospital, Chinese Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China, 5Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between mixed chemicals in urine and the prevalence of cancers in men. Methods: A total of 1,068 male subjects were included in this study. Analyses were performed by several analytical methods to ensure the stability of the results: one-way analysis, WQS analysis, Qgcomp analysis, BKMR analysis, and Restricted Cubic Spline (RCS) . Results: In the final adjusted model, each 1 increase in ln-transformed BPS increased the risk of developing cancerous prostate by 49%(95% CI: 1.00–2. 20) . The results of multiple sensitivity analyses by WQS and Qgcomp showed that the mixed chemicals was positively correlated with the prevalence of cancersand prostate cancer in men. In the final adjusted model, each quartile increase in the WQS index was associated with a 78%(OR: 1.78, 95% CI: 1.10–2. 87) increase in the risk of cancers and a 148%(OR: 2.48, 95% CI: 1.07–5.71) increase in the risk of prostate cancer. Each quartile increase in the Qgcomp index was associated with a 59%(OR: 1. 59, 95% CI: 1.09–2.33) increase in the risk of cancers, and a 105%(OR: 2.05, 95% CI: 1.04–4.06) increase in the risk of prostate cancer. Conclusion: In conclusion, this study showed a positive correlation between the concentrations of the three groups of mixed chemicals in urine and the prevalence of cancers in men, as well as a positive correlation with the prevalence of prostate cancer. KEYWORDS cancers, NHANES, men, prostate, mixed chemicals, urine 1 Introduction The metabolite composition of urine is closely related to changes in the metabolic products of the organism and reflects the need for solute and water balance in the body. Urine is considered a source of biomarkers that can reflect the health of the human organism ( 1) . Urinalysis is one of the oldest medical tests including physical, chemical and microscopic. Urinalysis is the best candidate for continuous health moni

FAQs

What was the study trying to determine?

The study investigated the relationship between mixed chemicals in male urine and the prevalence of cancers in men, especially prostate cancer.

How many male participants were included, and what methods were used?

A total of 1,068 male subjects were included. Analyses used one-way analysis, WQS, Qgcomp, BKMR, and Restricted Cubic Spline methods to ensure result stability.

What did the results show about cancer and urinary mixed chemicals?

In adjusted models, higher levels of urinary mixed chemicals were positively associated with the risk and prevalence of cancers and prostate cancer. Multiple sensitivity analyses based on WQS and Qgcomp supported these positive correlations.

Sep 23, 2026

Uploaded by Finn