Nutritional and inflammatory indices in gestational and pregestational diabetes - emphasis on the Controlling Nutritional Status (CONUT) score

Q: What is the main objective of the study?

To compare the prognostic value of nutritional and inflammatory indices in GDM and PGDM and determine their association with adverse perinatal outcomes.

Q: How were nutritional status and inflammation measured?

Nutritional status was assessed using CONUT and PNI scores, while inflammatory indices included ratios such as NLR, SII, SIRI, and PIV.

Q: Which biomarkers showed the strongest predictive performance?

The CONUT score showed strong discriminative ability for differentiating diabetic from non-diabetic pregnancies, while the PNI score had limited discriminative capacity; inflammatory indices had moderate predictive value, especially in PGDM cases.

Sep 28, 2026

Uploaded by Mary Man

Objective: Nutritional and inflammatory disturbances are evaluated for their prognostic value in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and pregestational diabetes mellitus (PGDM), and their link to adverse perinatal outcomes. Methods: A retrospective cohort of 280 pregnant women (2020–2024) compared GDM, PGDM, and healthy controls, using CONUT and PNI for nutrition and multiple inflammatory ratios for inflammation. ROC analyses assessed predictive performance. Results: PGDM showed higher CONUT and lower PNI, with elevated NLR, SII, SIRI, and PIV. Higher scores correlated with preterm birth, NICU admission, and CAPO.

LanguageEnglish

CategoryHealthcare

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Ozler etal. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth (2025) 25:1364 [https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-025-08516-w](https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-025-08516-w) BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth RESEARCH Open Access Nutritional and inflammatory indices in gestational and pregestational diabetes: emphasis on the Controlling Nutritional Status (CONUT) score Mustafa Rasit Ozler 1*, Erkan Saglam 1, Serenat Yalcin2, Ebubekir Siddik Yil maz 1 and Nuray Nerez 1 Abstract Objective To comparatively evaluate the prognostic value of nutritional and inflammatory indices in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and pregestational diabetes mellitus (PGDM), and to determine their association with adverse perinatal outcomes. Methods This retrospective study included 280 pregnant women followed at a tertiary care center between January 2020 and December 2024. Participants were categorized into three groups: GDM (n = 90), PGDM (n = 80), and healthy controls (n = 110) . Nutritional status was assessed using the Controlling Nutritional Status (CONUT) and Prognostic Nutritional Index (PNI) scores. Inflammatory indices including NLR, SII, SIRI, PIV, and others were calculated. Perinatal outcomes such as preterm birth, NICU admission, and Composite Adverse Perinatal Outcomes (CAPO) were recorded. ROC analysis was used to determine the predictive power of the biomarkers. Results The PGDM group demonstrated significantly higher CONUT scores and lower PNI scores compared to the other groups (p < 0. 001) . Among inflammatory markers, NLR, SII, SIRI, and PIV were significantly elevated in PGDM cases. ROC analyses revealed that the CONUT score had strong discriminative ability in differentiating diabetic (GDMand PGDM) from non-diabetic pregnancies (AUC = 0 . 787; specificity = 89 . 1%), while the PNI score showed limited discriminative capacity (AUC = 0 . 291) . Inflammatory indices also demonstrated moderate predictive value, particularly among PGDM cases. Higher CONUT and inflammatory scores were associated with increased rates of preterm birth, NICU admission, and CAPO (p < 0. 001) . Conclusion Nutritional and inflammatory disturbances are more prominent in PGDM than in GDM. The CONUTscore and selected inflammatory indices may serve as valuable tools for early risk stratification in diabetic pregnancies. Integration of these parameters into clinical decision-making may improve perinatal outcomes, particularly in highrisk groups such as PGDM. Keywords Gestational diabetes, Pregestational diabetes, CONUT score, Inflammatory indices, Pregnancy outcomes, Perinatal prognosis *Correspondence: Mustafa Rasit Ozler[m.rasitozler@gmail.com](m.rasitozler@gmail.com) 1Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Perinatology, , Bursa City Hospital, Bursa, Turkey 2Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Perinatology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Uludag University, Bursa, Nilüfer 16100, Turkey © The Author(s) 2025. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit [http://creativecommons.org/l](http://creativecommons.org/l)icenses/by/4.0/. Ozler et al. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth (2025) 25:1364 Introduction Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and pregestational diabetes mellitus (PGDM) are two of the most

FAQs

What is the main objective of the study?

To compare the prognostic value of nutritional and inflammatory indices in GDM and PGDM and determine their association with adverse perinatal outcomes.

How were nutritional status and inflammation measured?

Nutritional status was assessed using CONUT and PNI scores, while inflammatory indices included ratios such as NLR, SII, SIRI, and PIV.

Which biomarkers showed the strongest predictive performance?

The CONUT score showed strong discriminative ability for differentiating diabetic from non-diabetic pregnancies, while the PNI score had limited discriminative capacity; inflammatory indices had moderate predictive value, especially in PGDM cases.

Sep 28, 2026

Uploaded by Mary Man