Multifrequency Electrical Impedance Tomography (Mf-EIT) for the detection of breast cancer phantom anomalies

Sep 21, 2026

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Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed neoplasm among women, and early detection is critical to reduce advanced-stage disease and mortality. The research advances Multifrequency Electrical Impedance Tomography (Mf-EIT) hardware through analogue discovery, component assessment, hardware integration, software creation, and image reconstruction using Gauss-Newton and GREIT. A gelatin–sodium chloride phantom validates localization: anomaly position and count match the reconstruction, shown in red for higher conductivity. The smallest conductivity and size percentage differences are 0.18% and 0.14%, respectively.

LanguageEnglish

CategoryHealthcare

FormatPDF

Pages15

Reading Time38 min

AccessFree to download

Background

Methods and hardware development

Reconstruction approach (Gauss-Newton and GREIT)

Phantom setup and anomaly characterization

Results and key performance differences

Summary of contributions

MethodsX 14 (2025) 103087 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect MethodsX journal [homepage:](homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/methodsx)[ www.elsevier.com/locate/methodsx](homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/methodsx) | Multifrequency electrical impedance tomography (Mf-EIT) for the detection of breast cancer phantom anomalies ✩ | | | | --- | --- | --- | | Bayu Ariwantoa, Khusnul Aina,∗, Riries Rulaningtyasa, Nuril Ukhrowiyaha,
Rohadatul Aisyaa, Ahmad Hoirul Basorib, Andi Besse Fidausiah Mansur ba Magister of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, Airlangga University, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia b Faculty of Computing and Information Technology in Rabigh, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh 21911, Saudi Arabia | | | | a r t i c l e i n f o
Method name:
Multifrequency Electrical Impedance Tomography (Mf-EIT)
Keywords: Multifrequency
Electrical impedance tomography
Analog discovery Breast cancer Gauss-Newton GREIT | a b s t r a c t | | | | Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed neoplasm and one of the most widespread cancers among women. The research advanced the Mf-EIT hardware through analogue discovery, component assessment, hardware integration, software creation, and data reconstruction utilizing Gauss-Newton and GREIT approaches. The breast cancer phantom consisted of a gelatin and sodium chloride solution. The position and number of anomalies in the reconstructed image correspond with the phantom. Anomalies in the reconstructed image are illustrated in red, indicating that they exhibit higher conductivity than their environment. The smallest percentage diﬀerencein conductivity between the reconstructed image of the cancer abnormality and the phantom is 0.18 %, recorded at a current of 0.35 mA and a frequency of 150 kHz. The smallest percentage diﬀerence in size between cancer abnormalities 1 and 2 in the reconstructed image and the phantom is 0.14 %, observed at a current of 0.22 mA and a frequency of 80 kHz. In brief,
• This study proposes an innovative Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT)
• The designed and built the Mf-EIT hardware based on data reconstruction using Gauss-Newton and GREIT
• The Electrical Impedance Tomography designed to detect the anomalies in the reconstructed image of Breast Cancer. | | | Speciﬁcations table | | | | Subject area: | Computer Science | | | More speciﬁc subject area: | Biomedical | | | Name of your method: | Multifrequency Electrical Impedance Tomography (Mf-EIT) | | | Name and reference of original method: | NA | | | Resource availability: | MATLAB | | ✩ Related research article: Ain. K., Rahma. O. N., Putra. A. P., Syavinas. N., Darmawan. D., & Sohal. H. (2023). Bone fracture detection using electrical impedance tomography based on STEMlab Red Pitaya. Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science. 32(1). 150. [https://doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v32.i1.pp150](https://doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v32.i1.pp150)–159. ∗ Corresponding author. [E-mail address:](E-mail address: k_ain@fst.unair.ac.id)[ k_ain@fst.unair.ac.id](E-mail address: k_ain@fst.unair.ac.id) (K. Ain). [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mex.2024.103087](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mex.2024.103087) Received 3 October 2024; Accepted 5 December 2024 Available online 6 December 2024 2215-0161/© 2024 Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license ([http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)) B. Ariwanto, K. Ain, R. Rulaningtyas et al. MethodsX 14 (2025) 103087 Background Breast cancer is the most common cancer diagnosed globally, after lung cancer. In 2020, an estimated 685,000 women died from breast cancer. By 2040, Arnold et al. estimate that the burden of breast cancer will rise to over 3 million cases and 1 million deaths annually. Delayed diagnosis of breast cancer can increase the likelihood of developing the disease at an advanced stage. The most

FAQs

What imaging approach does the study propose for breast cancer detection?

The study proposes Multifrequency Electrical Impedance Tomography (Mf-EIT). It uses reconstruction methods based on Gauss-Newton and GREIT to generate conductivity images.

How is the breast cancer phantom constructed and used in validation?

The phantom consists of gelatin and sodium chloride solution. The number and position of anomalies in the reconstructed image are compared directly with the phantom.

What do the reconstructed red anomalies indicate?

Red anomalies in the reconstructed image indicate regions with higher conductivity than the surrounding background medium.

Sep 21, 2026

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