Machine Learning Classification of Hermite Gaussian Beams for 5G and Beyond Free-Space Optical Backhaul Links

Aug 5, 2026

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Free space optical (FSO) communication enables energy-efficient, secure, ultrafast data links for 5G and beyond networks, including heterogeneous systems and wireless backhauls. Practical deployment must account for optical pointing inaccuracy and climate-induced impairments such as fog and atmospheric effects. This work evaluates the reliability and availability of an NRZ-based mode-division multiplexing (MDM)-FSO backhaul, transmitting four optical beams using different wavelengths, then classifies the modes via several machine learning models. Results show successful 80 Gbps transmission and about 97% classification accuracy for four beams.

LanguageEnglish

CategoryResearch & Report

FormatPDF

Pages6

Reading Time15 min

AccessFree to download

Introduction

Motivation for 5G and beyond backhaul

Role of free-space optics (FSO)

Environmental impacts on FSO links

Hermite Gaussian (HG) beams and MDM in FSO

Related work on multiplexing techniques

“© 2024 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works.” Machine Learning Classification of Hermite Gaussian Beams for 5G and Beyond Free-Space Optical Backhaul Links A. Chehri *; A. Ahmed ♦; M. Z. Shakir ⁰ * Dep. of Math. and Computer Science, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, Canada ♦ School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science, Queen Mary University of London ⁰ University ofthe West of Scotland, UK [chehri@rmc.ca](chehri@rmc.ca); [ahmed.sayed@qmul.ac.uk](ahmed.sayed@qmul.ac.uk); [muhammad.shakir@uws.ac.uk](muhammad.shakir@uws.ac.uk) Abstract—Free space optical (FSO) communication offers an excellent opportunity to develop energy-efficient, secure, and ultrafast data links for 5G and beyond applications, including heterogeneous networks with massive connectivity and wireless backhauls for cellular systems. However, the effect of an optical beam's pointing inaccuracy combined with the impact of climate factors must be considered in the FSO communication system. In this paper, we first evaluate the performance reliability and availability of NRZ-based mode division multiplexing (MDM)-FSO backhaul. In particular, a single wavelength laser is used to transmit four different optical beams, using four different wavelengths. It also explores and classifies four beams used for capacity enhancement in mode division multiplexed MDM-FSO backhaul links. Several Machine Learning (ML) models are used to classify the four optical modes. Results indicate successful transmission of 80 Gbps. Furthermore, the primary findings indicate that the ML model exhibits an impressive accuracy rate of approximately 97% in classifying four distinct beams. Keywords—Backhaul; Free Space Optical Communication; Hermite Gaussian; Machine Learning; 6G; 5G. I. INTRODUCTION Wireless communication technology necessitates a large coverage area and high data rates. Recent mobile network efforts are expected to boost network performance at the expense of dense deployment of small cell base stations (SBSs) . Nonetheless, the efficient backhauling of SBSs and the deployment of radio units in large coverage areas remain significant obstacles for the 5G network [1]-[2] . Today, researchers are focusing on the concepts and applications of future wireless communication, 5G and beyond, and sixth-generation (6G), labeled the B5G/6G era. Furthermore, as the 6G roadmap becomes a reality, data rates for 6G usage cases need to exceed one terabit per second (Tbit/s) . Recently, interest in Free Space Optics and millimeter wave (MMW) radio frequency (RF) has increased for highspeed wireless communication. The free-space optical communication system is one potential answer that is currently being developed. FSO communication is a strong contender for future wireless networks because of various qualities, including high capacity and license-free characteristics, that can reach the aims of 6G requirements. FSO communication can also achieve these targets by using hundreds of GHz or even THz of bandwidth scales. Furthermore, the FSO-based systems offer features such as high directivity, simplicity of deployment, unlicensed frequency band, and absence of electromagnetic interference, in addition to their high bit rate capacity. Similarly, RF-based systems have many benefits, including the technology's maturity. Furthermore, it has the potential to be used in nextgeneration applications such as inter-satellite communication, high-altitude platforms, and unmanned aerial vehicles. However, both of these technologies are affected by the weather and atmosphere. The optical beams are affected by a variety of environmen

FAQs

What practical issues must be considered in FSO backhaul systems?

Optical beam pointing inaccuracy and climate factors must be considered because they degrade the transmitted signal through attenuation and scattering.

How does the paper implement transmission and classification of Hermite Gaussian beams?

It evaluates an NRZ-based MDM-FSO backhaul where four optical beams are transmitted using different wavelengths, then classifies four optical modes using multiple machine learning models.

What performance results are reported for the proposed approach?

The study reports successful transmission of 80 Gbps and approximately 97% accuracy in classifying four distinct beams.

Aug 5, 2026

Upload by Aurora