Liquid saliva-based Raman spectroscopy device with on-board machine learning detects COVID-19 infection in real-time - Supplementary Information

Aug 3, 2026

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Supplementary Information for the Analyst study on a liquid saliva-based Raman spectroscopy device coupled with on-board machine learning to detect COVID-19 infection in real time. Provides additional experimental and analytical material, including demographic breakdowns of volunteer groups supplying saliva samples, inclusion/exclusion outcomes for Raman spectra across PCR-negative, PCR-positive, and hospitalized COVID-19 groups, and spectrogram overviews. Also includes references such as calibration/benchmark Raman spectra for potassium phosphate and comparative measurements between microscope-based and single-point Raman systems.

LanguageEnglish

CategoryResearch & Report

FormatPDF

Pages4

Reading Time10 min

AccessFree to download

Supplementary Tables and Figures

Table S1: Demographics of volunteer groups

Figure S1: Included and excluded Raman spectra

Figure S2: Raman spectrograms across study groups

Figure S3: Reference Raman spectrum and acquisition statistics

Figure S4: Comparison of dried-saliva measurements by instrument

| | | | | --- | --- | --- | | Titre:
Title:
| Liquid saliva-based Raman spectroscopy device with on-board machine learning detects COVID-19 infection in real-time. Supplément | | --- | --- | | Auteurs:
Authors: | Katherine J. I. Ember, Nassim Ksantini, Frédérick Dallaire, Guillaume Sheehy, Trang Tran, Mathieu Dehaes, Madeleine Durand, Dominique
Trudel, & Frédéric Leblond | | Date: | 2024 | | Type: Article de revue / Article | | | Référence:
Citation: | Ember, K. J. I. , Ksantini, N. , Dallaire, F. , Sheehy, G. , Tran, T. , Dehaes, M. , Durand, M. , Trudel, D. , & Leblond, F. (2024) . Liquid saliva-based Raman spectroscopy device with on-board machine learning detects COVID-19 infection in real-time. The Analyst, 149(22), 5535-5545. [https://doi.org/10.1039/d4an00729h](https://doi.org/10.1039/d4an00729h) | | Document en libre accès dans PolyPublie
Open Access document in PolyPublie
| | | | --- | --- | --- | | URL de PolyPublie:
PolyPublie URL: | [https://publications.polymtl.ca/59638/](https://publications.polymtl.ca/59638/) | | | Version: | Matériel supplémentaire / Supplementary material Révisé par les pairs / Refereed | | | Conditions d’utilisation:
CC BY-NC
Terms of Use:
| | | Document publié chez l’éditeur officiel Document issued by the official publisher Titre de la revue: Journal Title: The Analyst (vol. 149, no. 22) | Maison d’édition: The Royal Society of Chemistry
Publisher:
| | | --- | --- | | URL officiel:
Official URL: [https://doi.org/10.1039/d4an00729h](https://doi.org/10.1039/d4an00729h) | | |
Mention légale:
Legal notice:
This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported Licence ([http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/)).
| | Ce fichier a été téléchargé à partir de PolyPublie, le dépôt institutionnel de Polytechnique Montréal This file has been downloaded from PolyPublie, the institutional repository of Polytechnique Montréal [https://publications.polymtl.ca](https://publications.polymtl.ca) Supplementary Information (SI) for Analyst. This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2024 Supplemental document. Table S1: Demographics of all volunteer groups who provided saliva samples for this study. Supplementary Figure S1: Included and excluded Raman spectra from liquid saliva supernatant samples including COVID-19 negative volunteers (PCR negatives from a testing clinic and healthy volunteers), PCR positives from a COVID-19 testing clinic, and hospitalized COVID patients. The black line represents “good spectra” i.e. ones that met the inclusion criteria for spectral quality and the red line represents “removed spectra” i.e. spectra that were excluded from the analysis. Spectra were removed from all four groups of volunteers. Supplementary Figure S2: Spectrograms of Raman spectra from saliva supernatant samples. The top left panel shows the spectrogram from 124 healthy volunteers who were presumed COVID-19 negative. The top right panel shows the spectrogram from 174 COVID-19 negative volunteers (PCR negatives from a testing clinic and healthy volunteers). The bottom left panel shows the spectrogram from 30 positive samples from the same. The bottom right panel shows spectrogram from 23 patients hospitalized with COVID-19. Supplementary Figure S3: Raman spectrum of potassium phosphate (dibasic) dissolved in water. The mean Raman spectrum of three acquisitions taken using the single-point Raman spectrometer. The variance is shown but not visible. Measurements were taken with 1.2W of laser power, 50 accumulationsof 1100 ms. Supplementary Figure S4: Mean measurement computed from Raman spectra from dried saliva supernatant samples taken using the Renishaw microscope (blue line) and the single point system (n= 95 samples, black line). With the precise optics of the microscope, spectra were taken from

FAQs

What additional data is provided in Table S1 for this study?

Table S1 summarizes demographics of all volunteer groups that provided saliva samples used in the study.

How does Figure S1 relate to the Raman spectra used for analysis?

Figure S1 shows spectrogram examples and distinguishes “good spectra” that meet spectral-quality inclusion criteria from “removed spectra” excluded from analysis.

What instruments and sample types are compared in Figure S4?

Figure S4 compares mean measurements from Raman spectra of dried saliva supernatant samples taken using a Renishaw microscope versus a single-point Raman system, including differences in sampling locations within the dried droplet.

Aug 3, 2026

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