Journal of Design and Textiles (JDT) - Volume 3 - Issue 2 - Fall 2024 - Development of Green/Skin-friendly Textiles by Minimizing Formaldehyde Content in Pigment Printing

Aug 27, 2026

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This study targets reduction of formaldehyde (H-CHO) in pigment-printed cotton fabric with deep shades. A hand screen printing approach is employed using different curing temperatures and urea concentrations to produce skin-friendly products. Woven, bleached fabrics undergo screen printing, drying, and curing for fixation, and H-CHO levels are quantified during washing and rubbing. Increasing curing temperature rapidly decreases H-CHO, with best rubbing fastness at 160˚C, and improved rubbing at 2% urea fixed at 150˚C. The final fabric supports clothing applications and aligns with OEKO-TEX® Standard 100 for low formaldehyde content.

LanguageEnglish

CategoryResearch & Report

FormatPDF

Pages17

Reading Time43 min

AccessFree to download

Abstract

Introduction

Journal of Design and Textiles (JDT) Volume 3 Issue 2, Fall 2024 ISSN(P) : 2959-0868, ISSN(E) : 2959-0876 Homepage: [https://journals.umt.edu.pk/index.php/jdt/index](https://journals.umt.edu.pk/index.php/jdt/index) Article QR Title: Author (s): Affiliation (s): DOI: History: Citation: Copyright: Licensing: Conflict of Interest: Development of Green/Skin-friendly Textiles by Minimizing Formaldehyde Content in Pigment Printing Muhammad Irfan Siyal1, Sidra Saleemi2, Noorullah Soomro3, and Raja Fahad Qureshi4 1National Textile University, Faisalabad, Pakistan 2University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan. 3Namangan Institute of Textile Industry, Namangan, Uzbekistan 4Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro, Pakistan [https://doi.org/10.32350/jdt.32.05](https://doi.org/10.32350/jdt.32.05) Received: May 06, 2024, Revised: July 09, 2024, Accepted: September 10, 2024, Published: November 15, 2024 M. I. Siyal, S. Saleemi, N. Soomro, and R. F. Qureshi,“Development of green/skin-friendly textiles by minimizing formaldehyde content in pigment printing,” J. Des. Text., vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 89–105, Nov. 2024, doi: [https://doi.org/10.32350/jdt.32.05](https://doi.org/10.32350/jdt.32.05) © The Authors This article is open access and is distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License Author(s) declared no conflict of interest A publication of School of Design and Textiles University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan Development of Green/Skin-friendly Textiles by Minimizing Formaldehyde Content in Pigment Printing Muhammad Irfan Siyal 1, Sidra Saleemi 2 ∗, Noorullah Soomro3, and Raja Fahad Qureshi4 1Department of Textile Engineering, National Textile University, Pakistan 2Institute of Polymer and Textile Engineering, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan 3Namangan Institute of Textile Industry, Republic of Uzbekistan 4Department of Textile Engineering, Mehran University of Engineering and Technology. Pakistan ABSTRACT This study aims to reduce the content of formaldehyde in pigment printed cotton fabric with deep shades. A hand screen printing method was applied using various curing temperatures and concentrations of urea for preparation of skin-friendly products. The woven, bleached fabrics were printed following a precise process of screen printing and these samples were dried and cured for proper fixation. Standard test procedures were followed to assess the content of H-CHO (formaldehyde) during washing and rubbing. H-CHO contents were instantly reduced by increasing the temperature of the printed fabric during curing. The best outcome for wet and dry fastness of rubbing was achieved at 160˚C, while a little enhanced rubbing outcomes were observed when the concentration of urea was 2% at a fixation temperature of 150˚C. The final product may be effectively used for clothing purpose, meeting the OEKO-TEX® Standard 100 standard for low formaldehyde content. INDEX TERMS Formaldehyde content, pigment printing, rubbing fastness, skin-friendly textile, urea, washing fastness. I. INTRODUCTION Most textiles are printed with pigments because of their appreciable benefits [1] . These advantages include versatility regarding end use, easy processing, applicability to nearly each type of fiber or blend, and lack of need for any wash after curing of printed fabrics [2] . However, printing with pigment had few critical issues such as high fixation temperature compared to dyeing process. In addition to this, printed fabrics have more stiffness as compare to dyeing as dye, bad rubbing fastness, and high contents of ∗Corresponding Author: [sidraatif.ipte@pu.edu.pk](sidraatif.ipte@pu.edu.pk) formaldehyde. Pigment printed fabrics need to be cured with fixing on the surface of fabric with covalent bonds. Pigments require high fixation temperature. Hence, various processes and techniques have been designed to decrease

FAQs

What is the main objective of the study on pigment-printed cotton fabrics?

To reduce formaldehyde content in pigment printed cotton fabrics with deep shades by using controlled curing conditions and urea concentrations.

How does curing temperature affect formaldehyde (H-CHO) reduction?

H-CHO contents are instantly reduced by increasing the curing temperature of the printed fabric during curing.

Which curing conditions provide the best rubbing fastness and improved rubbing results?

Best wet and dry rubbing fastness is achieved at 160˚C. Improved rubbing outcomes are observed with 2% urea at a fixation temperature of 150˚C.

Aug 27, 2026

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