Integrating Power Electronics-Based Energy Storages to Power Systems: A Review on Dynamic Modeling, Analysis, and Future Challenges

Jul 16, 2026

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Power electronics-based energy storage systems (PEESs) integration into power grids can introduce instabilities, motivating a review of dynamic analysis for both AC and DC systems. The work surveys dynamic modeling approaches and stability risk evaluation methods, emphasizing that simplified PEES models are widely used but may produce error aggregation as system scale grows. It also notes limits of traditional mechanism analysis for distributed connections and proposes dynamic reconstruction to address high-dimensional stability issues.

LanguageEnglish

CategoryResearch & Report

FormatPDF

Pages23

Reading Time58 min

Introduction

Energy storage integration and motivation

Research scope and contributions

Dynamic modeling of PEESs

Simplified models and error aggregation

AC/DC modeling perspectives

Dynamic analysis and stability risks

Stability mechanism analysis methods

Challenges for distributed connections

Dynamic reconstruction and future challenges

Bidirectional power flow and control differences

Conclusion

Integrating Power Electronics-based Energy Storages to Power Systems: AReview on Dynamic Modeling, Analysis, and Future Challenges Qiang Fua,b, Changlong Daib, Siqi Bua,* , C. Y. Chunga a Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, 999077, China b School of Electrical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China Abstract: The integration of power electronics-based energy storage systems (PEESs) into power systems introduces potential instabilities. This study reviews efforts in dynamic analysis of both AC and DC power systems integrated with PEESs, covering dynamic modeling, analysis methods, and potential instability risks. Major conclusions are drawn as: 1) Simplified models of PEESs have been widely used for dynamic analysis of power systems. However, it may cause "error aggregation" as the scale of PEESs increases, leading to mistakes in results, which induces significant concerns. 2) Traditional stability mechanism analysis methods remain effective for single grid-connected PEES and large-scale PEESs with parallel and series connections. However, they are inadequate for PEESs with distributed connections. To fill in this gap, an idea of mechanism analysis based on "dynamic reconstruction" is proposed. 3) Potential instability risks caused by PEESs integration may differ from those caused by renewable energy integration due to differences in functional controls and bidirectional power flow. However, comprehensive investigations in this regard are lacking and require significant attention. To ensure the stable operation of power systems with increasing integration of PEESs, significant challenges are summarized in the end, providing inspirations for future studies. Highlights: ·The unique characteristics of power electronics-based energy storage systems are clarified. ·The impact of error aggregation in modeling is noted and analyzed. ·Dynamic reconfiguration is proposed to address high-dimensional stability issues. ·Challenges caused by bidirectional power flow and functional controls are identified. Word count: 8,947 Keywords: AC and DC power systems, converters, energy storage, grid-forming, renewable energy, stability List of abbreviations: PEESs Power electronics-based energy storage systems REs Renewable energies ESs Energy storages ESSs Energy storage systems MEESs Mechanical equipment-based energy storages ESM Energy storage module GFL Grid-following GFM Grid-forming PCC Point of common coupling PLL Phase-locked loop EMS Energy management systems MIMO Multi-input and Multi-output GNC Generalized Nyquist criterion SISO Single-input and Single-output * = corresponding author details, [siqi.bu@polyu.edu.hk](siqi.bu@polyu.edu.hk) 1. Introduction In recent years, rapid development in renewable energies (REs), such as photovoltaics and wind generators, has been propelled with low-carbon requirements in power systems [1], which is confirmed by the global policies related to REs. For example, the United States introduced the “Energy Policy Act of 2005” in 2005 [2], Germany revised the “Renewable Energy Sources Act” in 2017 [3], and the European Union proposed “REPowerEU” in 2022 [4], etc. As illustrated in Fig. 1, the developing trend of REs is depicted by green lines [5] . However, the random and volatile nature of output power from REs worsens the dynamic characteristics of power systems, raising concerns from studies. Some view it as unreliable energy, causing significant frequency variations [6], low inertia [7], long recovery times [8] in power systems, and potential negative impacts on the surrounding environment [9] . Consequently, certain studies attempt to address these issues by installing energy storages (ESs) [10], which have emerged as an effective solution to mitigate power volatility by actively balancing power as needed. Motived by which, the deployment of energy storage systems (ESSs)

FAQs

为什么将电力电子型储能并入电力系统会带来不稳定风险？

文中指出，PEESs 的功能控制与双向功率流等特性会影响系统动态过程，从而可能引发与新能源并网不同的潜在不稳定风险。

动态分析中常用的简化建模有哪些主要问题？

文中总结简化模型在动态分析中应用广泛，但随着储能规模增大可能产生“误差聚合”，导致结果偏差并引发显著担忧。

针对分布式连接的储能，传统稳定机制分析方法为何不够？

文中认为传统机制分析方法对单个并网 PEES 及具有串并联的大规模场景仍有效，但对分布式连接的 PEESs 不充分，因此提出基于“动态重构”的思路以填补该空白。

Jul 16, 2026

Upload by Eliana