How and to What Extent Managerial Practices of School Heads are Influencing the Morale of Primary School Teachers - Study Abstract

Oct 15, 2026

The study explores how school heads’ managerial practices influence the morale of primary school teachers in Punjab. Using a mixed-methods concurrent triangulation design, it adapts the Purdue Teacher Opinionaire to measure managerial practices and morale. Quantitative data were collected from 806 teachers via multistage sampling, while qualitative interviews were conducted with 20 heads and 31 teachers. Findings indicate autocratic managerial practices by school heads, linked with teacher dissatisfaction and low morale. The study recommends training for school heads, AEOs, and Dy.DEOs to build democratic attributes and better relationships with teachers.

LanguageEnglish

CategoryResearch & Report

FormatPDF

Pages15

Reading Time38 min

AccessFree to download

Abstract

Purpose and design

Measurement and data sources

Key findings and conclusion

Recommendations

Introduction

Role of management in education

Importance of school headship

Link between morale and teacher performance

Rationale of the study

How and to What Extent Managerial Practices of School Heads are Influencing the Morale of Primary School Teachers? Najeeb Ullah Khan* and Muhammad Uzair-ul-Hassan** Abstract The purpose of the study was to explore influence of the managerial practices of heads on the morale of teachers. The informants of the study comprised both public primary school heads and teachers. The study was mixed-methods and employed concurrent triangulation design. The Purdue Teacher Opinionaire (Bentley & Rempel, 1980) was adapted for measuring managerial practices and morale. Quantitative data for the study were collected from teachers (n=806) through multistage sampling technique and qualitative data from heads (n= 20) and teachers (n=31) through interview protocols. The study also verified the link between the managerial practices of heads and morale of teachers through positive statistical correlation. Findings ofthe study revealed that school heads were using autocratic managerial practices. The study concluded prevalence of dissatisfaction among teachers about the managerial practices of school heads, AEOs, Dy.DEOsand frequent threat of Punjab Employees Efficiency & Disciplinary Act (PEEDA, 2006) . Hence, the overall practices of school heads are found autocratic in nature by causing low morale of teachers. The study recommends that the primary school heads, AEOs, Dy.DEOs should be trained on establishing democratic attributes, relationship, and behaviour with the teachers by the Quaid-eAzam Academy for Education Development (QAED) to heighten the morale of teachers. Keywords: Managerial practices, Morale of primary school teachers, Autocratic, Stress, strict & non-professional behaviour of heads *PhD Scholar, Department of Education, University of Sargodha, Sargodha. [Email: najeebullahkhan69@gmail.com](Email: najeebullahkhan69@gmail.com) **Associate Professor, Department of Education, University of Sargodha, Sargodha [Email: uhassan74@gmail.com](Email: uhassan74@gmail.com) Introduction The process of managing is one of the most essential parts of human actions. Management is a science as well as an art for the achievement of goals and objectives with the help of other people (Meisiek & Barry, 2014) . According to Shikuku (2015), management is the process of getting things done through people for the sake of improving the performance of the organization. Both management and organization rely on each other. No organization can get its goals and objectives without management. Educational institutions are also considered as organizations which are established for teaching and learning process (Modibbo et al., 2020) . Dybach (2019) reported that an ideal management is obligatory in educational institutions for the development of nation in the shape of social, moral, political, and economic grounds. Robbins (2009) mentioned that managerial practices are the ways of coordinating and integrating work activities with and through other people efficiently and effectively. Obviously, managerial practices are the working methods of school heads who are employed as a manager to achieve certain goals of an educational institution. The head of primary school has most significant position in an educational institution. The repute of the primary school mostly rests on the quality of the school head. Dunning and Elliott (2019) elaborated that school headship is the most significant component which can play vital role to the achievement of objectives in the primary schools. According to Tamilselvi and Sethurajan (2010), the job of the educational managers like school heads, principals, administrative officers, etc. is the most demanding and complex. Therefore, the primary school head has to play an effective role in school managerial practices to fulfill his responsibilities. The managerial practices of the school heads greatly influence the environment of the school. According to Ahmad and Dilshad (2016), managerial practices of school head

FAQs

What was the purpose of the study?

The study aimed to explore the influence of school heads’ managerial practices on teachers’ morale.

How was the data collected and analyzed?

It used a mixed-methods concurrent triangulation design, collecting quantitative data from 806 teachers and qualitative interview data from heads and teachers.

What managerial practices did the study find among school heads?

The study found that school heads were using autocratic managerial practices.

What does the study recommend to improve teachers’ morale?

It recommends training school heads, AEOs, and Dy.DEOs to establish democratic attributes and improve relationship and behavior with teachers.

Oct 15, 2026

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