Global, regional, and National burden of urologic neoplasms from 1990 to 2021 and future projections to 2050 - comprehensive analysis for global burden of disease

Sep 22, 2026

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Urologic neoplasms pose a serious threat to patients’ lives and quality of life, making global characterization of disease burden essential. Using GBD 2021, the study quantifies age-standardized incidence rate, age-standardized death rate, and disability-adjusted life years for urologic neoplasms from 1990–2021, estimates risk factors, and projects trends to 2050. Results show rising case counts with stable or declining ASDR and DALYs, varying by gender, age, and SDI. Smoking, high BMI, and occupational hazards shape kidney cancer risk, while smoking and elevated fasting plasma glucose drive bladder cancer risk.

LanguageEnglish

CategoryResearch & Report

FormatPDF

Pages13

Reading Time33 min

AccessFree to download

Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusion

1 Background

Current burden of bladder and kidney cancer

Yang et al. Discover Oncology (2026) 17:244 [https://doi.org/10.1007/s12672-026-04424-3](https://doi.org/10.1007/s12672-026-04424-3) Discover Oncology ANALYSIS Open Access Global, regional, and National burden of urologic neoplasms from 1990 to 2021 and future projections to 2050, a comprehensive analysis for global burden of disease Zhao Yang1, Yu Xinyang2, Xu Xiaoqing3, Qi Yuanfu3 and Dai Xin3* *Correspondence: Dai Xin [daixin1208@126.com](daixin1208@126.com) 1The First Clinical College of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250000, Shandong, China 2Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Qingdao Central Hospital, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences (Qingdao Central Hospital), Qingdao 266000, Shandong, China 3Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250000, Shandong, China Abstract Background Urologic neoplasms are considered to pose a serious threat to patients’lives and quality of life. Analyzing and describing the global disease burden of urologic neoplasms is necessary. Methods The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 was utilized to obtain and analyze the age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR), age-standardized death rate (ASDR), and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for urologic neoplasms from 1990 to 2021. Additionally, risk factors contributing to urologic neoplasms were estimated, and the model was utilized to predict the global burden over the next 30 years. Results A continuous growth trend in the number of urologic neoplasm cases worldwide was observed. However, the ASDR and DALYs were found to be stable or decreasing. Trends vary by gender, age, and socio-demographic index (SDI), with a greater burden of urologic neoplasms typically observed in older men. Moreover, risk factors for kidney cancer include tobacco use, high body mass index, and occupational hazards, whereas bladder cancer risk factors consist of tobacco use and elevated fasting plasma glucose levels. It is estimated that by 2050, the global incidence of urologic neoplasms will exhibit a relatively stable trend, while the mortality rate is projected to demonstrate a gradual decline. Conclusion In high SDI regions, elderly males aged 75 and older are categorized as a high-risk group for urologic neoplasms. Smoking and elevated fasting plasma glucose levels are identified as the primary risk factors for bladder cancer, whereas obesity is recognized as the predominant risk factor for kidney cancer. Keywords Global burden of disease, Urologic neoplasms, Disability-adjusted life years, Incidence, Death © The Author(s) 2026. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit [http://creativecommons.org/l](http://creativecommons.org/l)icenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/. 1 Background Urologic neoplasms, including bladder cancer and kidney cancer, represented significant health concerns in 2022. A total of 610,000 new cases of bladder cancer and 430,000 new cases of kidney cancer were reported, ranking 9th and 14th, r

FAQs

What data sources and time range are used to assess urologic neoplasm burden?

The analysis uses the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 study to examine urologic neoplasms from 1990 to 2021 and then projects the burden over the next 30 years.

What trends are observed in incidence versus mortality and DALYs?

Worldwide urologic neoplasm cases show a continuous growth trend, while age-standardized death rate (ASDR) and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) are stable or decreasing.

Which risk factors are identified for kidney cancer and bladder cancer?

Kidney cancer risk factors include tobacco use, high body mass index, and occupational hazards; bladder cancer risk factors include tobacco use and elevated fasting plasma glucose levels.

Sep 22, 2026

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