Global burden of benign prostatic hyperplasia, urinary tract infections, urolithiasis, bladder cancer, kidney cancer, and prostate cancer - 1990 to 2021 research findings

Sep 21, 2026

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Global burden of six urologic diseases—benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), urinary tract infections (UTI), urolithiasis, bladder cancer, kidney cancer, and prostate cancer—varies geographically and by region. Using Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 data, the study quantifies incidence, prevalence, mortality, and DALYs by age, sex, location, and year, and evaluates patterns by socio-demographic index (SDI) and attributable risk factors, including time trends via estimated annual percentage changes (EAPC).

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Zi et al. Military Medical Research (2024) 11:64 [https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-024-00569-w](https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-024-00569-w) RESEARCH Open Access Global burden of benign prostatic hyperplasia, urinary tract infections, urolithiasis, bladder cancer, kidney cancer, and prostate cancer from 1990 to 2021 Hao Zi1,2†, Meng‑Yang Liu 1,3†, Li‑Sha Luo 1†, Qiao Huang1, Peng‑Cheng Luo3,4, Hang‑Hang Luan5, Jiao Huang1, Dan‑Qi Wang1,3, Yong‑Bo Wang1, Yuan‑Yuan Zhang1, Ren‑Peng Yu1,3, Yi‑Tong Li6, Hang Zheng3*, Tong‑Zu Liu3*, Yu Fan7* and Xian‑Tao Zeng1,3* Abstract Background The burden of common urologic diseases, including benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), urinary tract infections (UTI), urolithiasis, bladder cancer, kidney cancer, and prostate cancer, varies both geographically and within specific regions. It is essential to conduct a comprehensive and precise assessment of the global burden of urologic diseases. Methods We obtained data on incidence, prevalence, mortality, and disability‑adjusted life‑years (DALYs) for the aforementioned urologic diseases by age, sex, location, and year from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021. We analyzed the burden associated with urologic diseases based on socio‑demographic index (SDI) and attrib‑ utable risk factors. The trends in burden over time were assessed using estimated annual percentage changes (EAPC) along with a 95% confidence interval (CI) . Results In 2021, BPH and UTI were the leading causes of age‑standardized incidence rate (ASIR) and age‑stand‑ ardized prevalence rate (ASPR), with rates of 5531.88 and 2782.59 per 100,000 persons, respectively. Prostate cancer was the leading cause of both age‑standardized mortality rate (ASMR) and age‑standardized DALYs rate (ASDR), with rates of 12.63 and 217.83 per 100,000 persons, respectively. From 1990 to 2021, there was an upward trend in ASIR, ASPR, ASMR, and ASDR for UTI, while urolithiasis showed a downward trend. The middle and low‑middle SDI quintile levels exhibited higher incidence, prevalence, mortality, and DALYs related to UTI, urolithiasis, and BPH, while the high and high‑middle SDI quintile levels showed higher rates for the three cancers. The burden of these six urologic diseases displayed diverse age and sex distribution patterns. In 2021, a high body mass index (BMI) †Hao Zi, Meng‑Yang Liu and Li‑Sha Luo contributed equally to this work. *Correspondence: Hang Zheng zh‑[urology@whu.edu.cn](urology@whu.edu.cn)[ ](urology@whu.edu.cn)Tong‑Zu Liu [liutongzu@163.com](liutongzu@163.com)[ ](liutongzu@163.com)Yu Fan [dantefanbmu@pku.edu.cn](dantefanbmu@pku.edu.cn)[ ](dantefanbmu@pku.edu.cn)Xian‑Tao Zeng zengxiantao1 [128@whu.edu.cn](128@whu.edu.cn) Full list of author information is available at the end of the article © The Author(s) 2024. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit [http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ()[. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ()[http://creativeco](http://creativeco)[mmons.org/publicdoma

FAQs

Which urologic diseases were leading causes in 2021 by incidence and prevalence?

BPH and UTI were the leading causes of age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) and age-standardized prevalence rate (ASPR) in 2021.

Which cancer had the highest age-standardized mortality and DALYs burden in 2021?

Prostate cancer led both age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) and age-standardized DALYs rate (ASDR) in 2021.

How did the trends from 1990 to 2021 differ across these diseases?

UTI showed upward trends in incidence, prevalence, mortality, and DALYs, while urolithiasis showed a downward trend.

Sep 21, 2026

Uploaded by Levi