Genome-wide Analyses of Vocabulary Size in Infancy and Toddlerhood - Associations With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Literacy, and Cognition-related Traits - Supplemental Methods

Sep 29, 2026

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Supplementary information providing supplemental methods for genome-wide analyses of vocabulary size across two developmental stages. Expressive vocabulary is analyzed in infancy (15–18 months) and toddlerhood (24–38 months), reflecting first-word production versus emerging word combinations and complex grammar. Receptive vocabulary is analyzed only for toddlerhood due to parental underestimation before age two and limited infant receptive measures, alongside reported lack of evidence for SNP heritability at 15 months within ALSPAC.

LanguageEnglish

CategoryResearch & Report

FormatPDF

Pages57

Reading Time2 h 24 min

AccessFree to download

Supplemental Methods

Study design

Early vocabulary cohort descriptives

Early vocabulary assessment

Single-variant association analysis

FUMA analyses

High-Definition Likelihood SNP-heritability and genetic correlation analyses

Polygenic scoring analyses

Structural equation modelling

Supplemental Note

Supplemental tables

Supplemental figures

Supplemental References

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Genome-wide Analyses of Vocabulary Size in Infancy and Toddlerhood: Associations With AttentionDeficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Literacy, and Cognition-related Traits Verhoef et al. Table of Contents Supplemental Methods.................................................................................................................................... 3 Study design ................................................................................................................................................. 3 Early vocabulary cohort descriptives ........................................................................................................... 3 Early vocabulary assessment ....................................................................................................................... 8 Single‐variant association analysis ............................................................................................................. 10 FUMA analyses ........................................................................................................................................... 13 High‐Definition Likelihood SNP‐heritability and genetic correlation analyses ......................................... 14 Polygenic scoring analyses ......................................................................................................................... 17 Structural equation modelling ................................................................................................................... 19 Supplemental Note ........................................................................................................................................ 21 Polygenic scoring results ............................................................................................................................ 21 Statistical power for single‐variant association analyses .......................................................................... 21 Cohort‐specific acknowledgements .......................................................................................................... 22 ACTION Consortium GWAMA authors and affiliations ............................................................................. 26 BIS investigator group authors and affiliations ......................................................................................... 35 Supplemental tables ...................................................................................................................................... 36 Table S1: Overview of participating cohorts ............................................................................................. 36 Table S2: Vocabulary assessments in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children .................. 37 Table S3: Vocabulary assessments in the Generation R Study ................................................................. 38 Table S4: Overview of genotyping, imputation and analysis software ..................................................... 39 Table S5: ADHD symptom scores in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children .................... 41 Table S6: MAGMA gene‐set and gene‐property analyses......................................................................... 42 Table S7: SNP‐heritability of vocabulary size based on summary statistics.............................................. 43 Table S8: Comparison of beta coefficients and corresponding standard errors for MTAG‐derived analyses ...................................................................................................................................................... 44 Table S9: SNP‐heritability of external traits included in genetic correlation analyses ............................. 45 Table S10: Genetic correlations with cognition‐, development‐ and health‐related outcomes .............. 46 Table

FAQs

How are expressive vocabulary scores analyzed across development?

They are analyzed in two developmental stages: an early phase (15–18 months, infancy) and a late phase (24–38 months, toddlerhood), capturing first-word production and later emergence of word combinations and more complex grammar.

Why is receptive vocabulary assessed only in the late phase?

Receptive vocabulary is studied only in toddlerhood because parents tend to underestimate it in children under two, and direct assessments in infancy use tasks such as preferential looking and have limited availability.

What is reported about SNP heritability for receptive vocabulary at 15 months?

The methods note there was little evidence (P<0.05) for SNP heritability at 15 months of age in ALSPAC, while also stating this does not exclude effects from individual genetic variants on vocabulary.

Sep 29, 2026

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