G-Protein Signaling Modulator 2 as a Potential Biomarker in Colorectal Cancer - Integrative Analysis Using Genetic Profiling and Pan-Cancer Studies

Sep 21, 2026

Colorectal cancer (CRC) creates a major global healthcare burden, motivating the search for biomarkers that improve diagnosis and treatment planning. This study evaluates the G-protein signaling modulator (GPSM) family and performs an integrated pan-cancer analysis focused on the GPSM2 gene across gastrointestinal cancers. Using bioinformatics, the work characterizes GPSM2 expression, protein interactions, functional enrichment, prognostic associations, genetic alterations, and links to immune infiltration, including real-time expression analysis. Results show consistent GPSM2 upregulation in GI cancer datasets, pathway involvement in tumor progression, worse overall and disease-free survival with higher expression, recurrent GPSM2 missense mutations, and significant correlations with immune cell infiltration, supporting its biomarker potential in GI cancers and especially CRC.

LanguageEnglish

CategoryResearch & Report

FormatPDF

Pages25

Reading Time1 h 3 min

AccessFree to download

1. Introduction

Colorectal cancer burden and epidemiology

Article G-Protein Signaling Modulator 2 as a Potential Biomarker in Colorectal Cancer: Integrative Analysis Using Genetic Profiling and Pan-Cancer Studies Doaa Jawad Kadhim 1,†, Hanieh Azari 1,†, Saeideh Khorshid Sokhangouy 2, Seyed Mahdi Hassanian 1, Hawraa Ibrahim Alshekarchi 3, Ladan Goshayeshi 4,5, Lena Goshayeshi 5, Mohammad Reza Abbaszadegan 2, Fatemeh Khojasteh-Leylakoohi 1, Majid Khazaei 1, Ibrahim Saeed Gataa 6, Godefridus J. Peters 7,8, Gordon A. Ferns 9, Jyotsna Batra 10, Alfred King-Yin Lam 11, Elisa Giovannetti 8,12, * and Amir Avan 1,10, * Citation: Kadhim, D.J.; Azari, H.; Sokhangouy, S.K.; Hassanian, S.M.; Alshekarchi, H.I.; Goshayeshi, L.; Goshayeshi, L.; Abbaszadegan, M.R.; Khojasteh-Leylakoohi, F.; Khazaei, M.; et al. G-Protein Signaling Modulator 2 as a Potential Biomarker in Colorectal Cancer: Integrative Analysis Using Genetic Profiling and Pan-Cancer Studies. Genes 2024, 15, 474. [https://](https://)[ ](https://)[doi.org/10.3390/genes15040474](doi.org/10.3390/genes15040474) Academic Editor: Christos K. Kontos Received: 2 March 2024 Revised: 6 April 2024 Accepted: 6 April 2024 Published: 9 April 2024 Copyright: © 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([https://](https://)[ ](https://)[creativecommons.org/licenses/by/](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[ ](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[4.0/](4.0/)) . 1 Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 91779-48564, Iran; [azari.hanie@gmail.com](azari.hanie@gmail.com) (H.A.); [hasanianmehrm@mums.ac.ir](hasanianmehrm@mums.ac.ir) (S.M.H.); [fatemekhjst@gmail.com](fatemekhjst@gmail.com) (F.K.-L.); [khazaeim@mums.ac.ir](khazaeim@mums.ac.ir) (M.K.) 2 Medical Genetics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 91886-17871, Iran; [saeedehkhorshid899@gmail.com](saeedehkhorshid899@gmail.com) (S.K.S.); [abbaszadeganmr@mums.ac.ir](abbaszadeganmr@mums.ac.ir) (M.R.A.) 3 Al-Zahraa Center for Medical and Pharmaceutical Research Sciences (ZCMRS), Al-Zahraa University for Women, Kerbala 56001, Iraq 4 Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 91779-48564, Iran; [goshayeshil@mums.ac.ir](goshayeshil@mums.ac.ir) 5 Surgical Oncology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 91779-48954, Iran 6 College of Medicine, University of Warith Al-Anbiyaa, Karbala 56001, Iraq 7 Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland; [gj.peters@amsterdamumc.nl](gj.peters@amsterdamumc.nl) 8 Cancer Center Amsterdam, Cancer Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Department of Medical Oncology, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands 9 Department of Medical Education, Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9PH, UK; [g.ferns@bsms.ac.uk](g.ferns@bsms.ac.uk) 10 Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia; [jyotsna.batra@qut.edu.au](jyotsna.batra@qut.edu.au) 11 Pathology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia; [a.lam@griffith.edu.au](a.lam@griffith.edu.au) 12 Cancer Pharmacology Laboratory, AIRC Start Up Unit, Fondazione Pisana per La Scienza, 56017 Pisa, Italy * Correspondence: [elisa.giovannetti@gmail.com](elisa.giovannetti@gmail.com) (E.G.); [avana@mums.ac.ir](avana@mums.ac.ir) (A.A.)† These authors contributed equally to this work. Abstract: Colorectal cancer (CRC) imposes a significant healthcare burden globally, prompting the quest for innovative biomarkers to enhance diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. This study investigates the G-protein signaling modulator (GPSM) family across several cancers and presents a comprehensive pan-cancer analy

FAQs

What does the study investigate about GPSM2 and colorectal cancer?

The study investigates the GPSM family and focuses on GPSM2 through a comprehensive pan-cancer analysis, emphasizing its relevance to gastrointestinal cancers including CRC.

Which analytical methods and data types are used to evaluate GPSM2?

It uses bioinformatics approaches to analyze GPSM2 expression patterns, protein interactions, functional enrichment, prognostic implications, genetic alterations, and associations with immune infiltration, with additional real-time expression analysis.

What key findings support GPSM2 as a potential biomarker?

GPSM2 shows consistent upregulation across GI cancer datasets, enrichment in pathways related to tumor progression, correlations with poorer overall and disease-free survival, prevalent missense mutations, and links between GPSM2 expression and immune cell infiltration.

Sep 21, 2026

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