Failure of D-psicose Absorbed in the Small Intestine to Metabolize into Energy and Its Low Large Intestinal Fermentability in Humans

Jul 10, 2026

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The study evaluates whether D-psicose absorbed in the small intestine is metabolized into usable energy in humans and whether D-psicose escaping absorption is fermented in the large intestine. Carbohydrate energy expenditure was measured by indirect calorimetry, and urinary D-psicose excretion was quantified for 48 hours. Fermentability was assessed via breath hydrogen gas using intestinal bacteria fermentation tests with 35 strains.

LanguageEnglish

CategoryHealthcare

FormatPDF

Pages9

Reading Time23 min

Introduction

Study objective and assessment approach

Methods

CEE by indirect calorimetry

Urinary excretion measurements

Breath hydrogen and bacterial fermentability tests

[Available online at www.sciencedirect.com](Available online at www.sciencedirect.com) Metabolism Clinical and Experimental 59 (2010) 206–214 [www.metabolismjournal.com](www.metabolismjournal.com) Failure of D-psicose absorbed in the small intestine to metabolize into energy and its low large intestinal fermentability in humans Tetsuo Iidaa,⁎, Noriko Hayashia , Takako Yamadaa , Yuko Yoshikawaa , Shoko Miyazatoa , Yuka Kishimotoa , Kazuhiro Okumaa , Masaaki Tokudab , Ken Izumoric aResearch Laboratory, Matsutani Chemical Industry Co, Ltd, Itami 664-8508, Japan bDepartment of Cell Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan cRare Sugar Research Center, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan Received 16 January 2009; accepted 15 July 2009 Abstract Experiments with rats have produced data on the metabolism and energy value of d-psicose; however, no such data have been obtained in humans. The authors assessed the availability of D-psicose absorbed in the small intestine by measuring carbohydrate energy expenditure (CEE) by indirect calorimetry. They measured the urinary excretion rate by quantifying D-psicose in urine for 48 hours. To examine D-psicose fermentation in the large intestine, the authors measured breath hydrogen gas and fermentability using 35 strains of intestinal bacteria. Six healthy subjects participated in the CEE test, and 14 participated in breath hydrogen gas and urine tests. D-Psicose fermentation subsequent to an 8-week adaptation period was also assessed by measuring hydrogen gas in 8 subjects. D-Psicose absorbed in the small intestine was not metabolized into energy, unlike glucose, because CEE did not increase within 3 hours of D-psicose ingestion (0.35 g/kg body weight [BW]) . The accumulated D-psicose urinary excretion rates were around 70% for 0.34, 0.17, and 0.08 g/kg BW of ingested D-psicose. Low D-psicose fermentability was observed in intestinal bacteria and breath hydrogen gas tests, in which fructooligosaccharide (0.34, 0.17, and 0.08 g/kg BW) was used as a positive control because its available energy is known to be 8.4 kJ/g. Based on the results of the plot of breath hydrogen concentration vs calories ingested, the energy value of D-psicose was expected to be less than 1.6 kJ/g. Incremental D-psicose fermentability subsequent to an adaptation period was not observed. © 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction Some rare sugars are sweet and hard to metabolize and have the potential to serve as low-energy sweeteners. Research on D-tagatose and erythritol is more advanced than that on other rare sugars; and the reported energy values are 6.3 and 1.7 kJ/g, respectively [1,2] . D-Psicose (D-ribo-2-hexulose; Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) registration no., 551-68-8; molecular formula, C6H 12O6; molecular weight, 180.156), which is a C-3 epimer of D- None of the authors had any personal or financial conflicts of interest. The study protocol and implementation complied with the Declaration of Helsinki (approval in 1964, revision in 2004) under the approval of the ethical committee of Matsutani Chemical Industry. Written consent was obtained from the subjects before the study. ⁎ Corresponding author. Tel.: +81 72 771 2052; fax: +81 72 771 2023 . E-mail address: [tetsuo-iida@matsutani.co.jp](tetsuo-iida@matsutani.co.jp) (T. Iida). 0026-0495/$ – see front matter © 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2009.07.018 fructose, has an estimated effective available energy value of zero, based on an increase in rat body weight (BW) [3] . The Japanese Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare requires that energy assessments be based on data showing degradability by fermentation and digestion-absorption studies in humans for the purpose of calculating carbohydrate energy value, rather than on increase in BW. Similar assessment would be required for the energy value of Dpsicose when

FAQs

What was the main purpose of the study in humans?

To determine whether D-psicose absorbed in the small intestine is metabolized into energy and whether non-absorbed D-psicose is fermented by intestinal bacteria in the large intestine.

How did the study measure carbohydrate energy expenditure (CEE)?

By indirect calorimetry during CEE tests.

What did the results indicate about D-psicose metabolism into energy?

D-psicose absorbed in the small intestine was not metabolized into energy, unlike glucose, because CEE did not increase within three hours after ingestion.

Jul 10, 2026

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