Exploring the Multifactorial Landscape of Penile Cancer - Comprehensive Analysis of Risk Factors - Review

Sep 21, 2026

Uploaded by Asher

Penile cancer, while rare, is a critical public health issue due to its profound impact on patients and the complexities of its management. The disease’s multifactorial etiology includes risk factors such as HPV infection, poor hygiene, smoking, genetic predispositions, and socioeconomic determinants. This article provides a comprehensive review and analysis of these diverse risk factors, aiming to enhance understanding of underlying causes. Clarifying these factors supports improved prevention, early detection, and therapeutic interventions, helping healthcare professionals reduce incidence and improve outcomes.

LanguageEnglish

CategoryResearch & Report

FormatPDF

Pages17

Reading Time43 min

AccessFree to download

Introduction

Risk Factors and Etiology

Prevention and Early Detection

Therapeutic Implications

diagnostics Review Exploring the Multifactorial Landscape of Penile Cancer: A Comprehensive Analysis of Risk Factors Ugo Amicuzi 1, Marco Grillo 2, Marco Stizzo 3, Michelangelo Olivetta 4, Simone Tammaro 5, Luigi Napolitano 5, Pasquale Reccia 6, Luigi De Luca 7, Andrea Rubinacci 5, Giampiero Della Rosa 5, Arturo Lecce 5, Paola Coppola 5, Salvatore Papi 5, Francesco Trama 8, Lorenzo Romano 5, Carmine Sciorio 9, Lorenzo Spirito 3, Felice Crocetto 5, Celeste Manfredi 3, Francesco Del Giudice 10, Matteo Ferro 11, Bernardo Rocco 11, Octavian Sabin Tataru 12, Raffaele Balsamo 6, Giuseppe Lucarelli 13, Dario Del Biondo 2,14 and Biagio Barone 14, * Citation: Amicuzi, U.; Grillo, M.; Stizzo, M.; Olivetta, M.; Tammaro, S.; Napolitano, L.; Reccia, P.; De Luca, L.; Rubinacci, A.; Della Rosa, G.; et al. Exploring the Multifactorial Landscape of Penile Cancer: A Comprehensive Analysis of Risk Factors. Diagnostics 2024, 14, 1790 . [https://doi.org/10.3390/](https://doi.org/10.3390/)[ ](https://doi.org/10.3390/)diagnostics14161790 Academic Editor: Laurent Bélec Received: 31 July 2024 Revised: 10 August 2024 Accepted: 14 August 2024 Published: 16 August 2024 Copyright: © 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([https://](https://)[ ](https://)[creativecommons.org/licenses/by/](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[ ](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[4.0/](4.0/)) . 1 Division of Urology, Department of Surgical Sciences, AORN Sant’Anna e San Sebastiano, 81100 Caserta, Italy; [ugo.amicuzi@aorncaserta.it](ugo.amicuzi@aorncaserta.it) 2 Department of Urology, Ospedale del Mare, ASL NA1 Centro, 80147 Naples, Italy; [grillomarco@inwind.it](grillomarco@inwind.it) (M.G.); [dario.delbiondo@aslnapoli1centro.it](dario.delbiondo@aslnapoli1centro.it) (D.D.B.) 3 Urology Unit, Department of Woman, Child and General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80131 Naples, Italy; [marco.stizzo@policliniconapoli.it](marco.stizzo@policliniconapoli.it) (M.S.); [lorenzospirito@msn.com](lorenzospirito@msn.com) (L.S.); [manfredi.celeste@gmail.com](manfredi.celeste@gmail.com) (C.M.) 4 Urology Unit, Gaetano Fucito Hospital, AOU San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d’Aragona, 84085 Mercato San Severino, Italy; [m.olivetta@sangiovannieruggi.it](m.olivetta@sangiovannieruggi.it) 5 Department of Neurosciences and Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; [simone.tammaro95@gmail.com](simone.tammaro95@gmail.com) (S.T.); luigi.napolitano@unina.it (L.N.); [andrearubinacci1@gmail.com](andrearubinacci1@gmail.com) (A.R.); [giampierodellarosa@gmail.com](giampierodellarosa@gmail.com) (G.D.R.); [arturo.lecce92@gmail.com](arturo.lecce92@gmail.com) (A.L.); [coppola997@gmail.com](coppola997@gmail.com) (P.C.); [salvatorepapi@blu.it](salvatorepapi@blu.it) (S.P.); [lorenzo.romano@unina.it](lorenzo.romano@unina.it) (L.R.); [felice.crocetto@unina.it](felice.crocetto@unina.it) (F.C.) 6 Urology Unit, AORN Ospedali dei Colli, Monaldi Hospital, 80131 Naples, Italy; [pasquale.reccia@ospedalideicolli.it](pasquale.reccia@ospedalideicolli.it) (P.R.); [raffaele.balsamo@ospedalideicolli.it](raffaele.balsamo@ospedalideicolli.it) (R.B.) 7 Division of Urology, Department of Surgical Multispecialty, AORN Antonio Cardarelli, 80131 Naples, Italy; [luigideluca86@gmail.com](luigideluca86@gmail.com) 8 Urology Complex Unit, ASL Napoli 2 Nord ‘Santa Maria delle Grazie’ Hospital, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy; [francescotrama@gmail.com](francescotrama@gmail.com) 9 Urology Unit, ASST Ospedale Manzoni, 23900 Lecco, Italy; [carmine.sciorio@gmail.com](carmine.sciorio@gmail.com) 10 Department of Urology, University Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy; [francesco.delgiudice@uniroma1.it](francesco.delgiudice@uniroma1.it) 11 2nd Unit of Urology, Department of Health Science, U

FAQs

What are the main risk factors for penile cancer discussed in the review?

The review highlights HPV infection, poor hygiene, smoking, genetic predispositions, and socioeconomic determinants as key risk factors.

How does the multifactorial nature of penile cancer influence prevention strategies?

Understanding the multifactorial etiology supports more targeted prevention efforts by clarifying underlying causes that contribute to incidence.

What outcomes does the article aim to improve through risk-factor analysis?

By elucidating risk factors, the article aims to inform improved prevention, early detection methods, and therapeutic interventions, ultimately improving patient outcomes and reducing incidence.

Sep 21, 2026

Uploaded by Asher