Exploring Biomarkers in Breast Cancer - Hallmarks of Diagnosis, Treatment, and Follow-Up in Clinical Practice

Sep 22, 2026

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Breast cancer is a prevalent malignancy, with many patients presenting either with localized disease eligible for curative approaches or with metastatic disease associated with poorer outcomes. Advances in targeted therapy and biomarker discovery have reshaped prognosis for metastatic cases. Biomarkers spanning serological, histological, and genetic indicators support initial diagnosis, relapse detection during follow-up, therapeutic selection, and prognostic stratification, especially for aggressive tumor types. Molecular markers are central for defining risk, guiding treatment, and improving patient outcomes through more precise strategies.

LanguageEnglish

CategoryHealthcare

FormatPDF

Pages27

Reading Time1 h 8 min

AccessFree to download

Introduction

medicina Review Exploring Biomarkers in Breast Cancer: Hallmarks of Diagnosis, Treatment, and Follow-Up in Clinical Practice Laura Lopez-Gonzalez 1,2,†, Alicia Sanchez Cendra 3,†, Cristina Sanchez Cendra 3, Eduardo David Roberts Cervantes 3, Javier Cassinello Espinosa 3, Tatiana Pekarek 4, Oscar Fraile-Martinez 2,4, Cielo García-Montero 2,4, Ana María Rodriguez-Slocker 1, Laura Jiménez-Álvarez 4,5, Luis G. Guijarro 2,6, Soledad Aguado-Henche 1,2, Jorge Monserrat 2,4, *, Melchor Alvarez-Mon 2,4,7, Leonel Pekarek 2,3,4, Miguel A. Ortega 2,4,8,‡ and Raul Diaz-Pedrero 1,2,5,‡ Citation: Lopez-Gonzalez, L.; Sanchez Cendra, A.; Sanchez Cendra, C.; Roberts Cervantes, E.D.; Espinosa, J.C.; Pekarek, T.; Fraile-Martinez, O.; García-Montero, C.; RodriguezSlocker, A.M.; Jiménez-Álvarez, L.; et al. Exploring Biomarkers in Breast Cancer: Hallmarks of Diagnosis, Treatment, and Follow-Up in Clinical Practice. Medicina 2024, 60, 168 . [https://doi.org/10.3390/](https://doi.org/10.3390/)[ ](https://doi.org/10.3390/)medicina60010168 Academic Editor: Valentin Titus Grigorean Received: 12 December 2023 Revised: 2 January 2024 Accepted: 9 January 2024 Published: 17 January 2024 Copyright: © 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([https://](https://)[ ](https://)[creativecommons.org/licenses/by/](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[ ](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[4.0/](4.0/)) . 1 Department of Surgery, Medical and Social Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcala de Henares, Spain; laura.lgonzalez@uah.es (L.L.-G.); [anarodriguezslocker@gmail.com](anarodriguezslocker@gmail.com) (A.M.R.-S.); [soledad.aguado@uah.es](soledad.aguado@uah.es) (S.A.-H.); [raul.diazp@uah.es](raul.diazp@uah.es) (R.D.-P.) 2 Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain; [oscarfra.7@hotmail.com](oscarfra.7@hotmail.com) (O.F.-M.); [cielo.gmontero@gmail.com](cielo.gmontero@gmail.com) (C.G.-M.); [luis.gonzalez@uah.es](luis.gonzalez@uah.es) (L.G.G.); [mademons@gmail.com](mademons@gmail.com) (M.A.-M.); [leonel.pekarek@gmail.com](leonel.pekarek@gmail.com) (L.P.); [miguel.angel.ortega92@gmail.com](miguel.angel.ortega92@gmail.com) (M.A.O.) 3 Oncology Service, Guadalajara University Hospital, 19002 Guadalajara, Spain; [ali.96sc@gmail.com](ali.96sc@gmail.com) (A.S.C.); [csc.orbis@gmail.com](csc.orbis@gmail.com) (C.S.C.); [edy_roberts@hotmail.com](edy_roberts@hotmail.com) (E.D.R.C.); [jcassinelloespinosa@gmail.com](jcassinelloespinosa@gmail.com) (J.C.E.) 4 Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcala de Henares, Spain; [tatianapekarek@gmail.com](tatianapekarek@gmail.com) (T.P.); [laura.jimenezal@gmail.com](laura.jimenezal@gmail.com) (L.J.-Á .) 5 Department of General and Digestive Surgery, General and Digestive Surgery, Príncipe de Asturias Universitary Hospital, 28805 Alcala de Henares, Spain 6 Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of System Biology (CIBEREHD), University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcala de Henares, Spain 7 Immune System Diseases-Rheumatology, Oncology Service an Internal Medicine (CIBEREHD), University Hospital Príncipe de Asturias, 28806 Alcala de Henares, Spain 8 Cancer Registry and Pathology Department, Principe de Asturias University Hospital, 28806 Alcala de Henares, Spain * Correspondence: jorge.monserrat@uah.es † These authors contributed equally to this work. ‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work. Abstract: Breast cancer is a prevalent malignancy in the present day, particularly affecting women as one of the most common forms of cancer. A significant portion of patients initially present with localized disease, for which curative treatments are pursued. Conversely, another substantial se

FAQs

Which biomarker types are discussed for breast cancer management?

The review covers serological, histological, and genetic biomarkers used across multiple aspects of breast cancer care.

How do biomarkers contribute during follow-up in breast cancer?

They help detect relapses during follow-up and support clinical decision-making over time.

What is the main objective of the article?

To provide a comprehensive review of clinical, diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic utility of principal biomarkers currently used, with emphasis on their clinical impact in metastatic breast cancer.

Sep 22, 2026

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