Evidence-Based Recommendations on the Use of Immunotherapies and Monoclonal Antibodies in the Treatment of Male Reproductive Cancers

Sep 23, 2026

Uploaded by Noah

The incidence of male reproductive cancers, including prostate, testicular, and penile cancers, has increased, creating urgent health concerns. Prostate cancer remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality, while penile cancer is uncommon but often affects older men; testicular cancer is most frequent in adolescents and young adults and declines after age 40. Conventional therapy relies on chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery, yet immunotherapy and monoclonal antibodies show encouraging results, especially for resistant genitourinary cases. This review synthesizes evidence-based recommendations and outlines emerging directions to improve patient outcomes.

LanguageEnglish

CategoryHealthcare

FormatPDF

Pages20

Reading Time50 min

AccessFree to download

Introduction

Prostate Cancer

Introduction and Overview of Prostate Cancer

Epidemiology of Prostate Cancer

Etiology and Risk Factors

Review Evidence-Based Recommendations on the Use of Immunotherapies and Monoclonal Antibodies in the Treatment of Male Reproductive Cancers Farhan Khalid 1, Zubair Hassan Bodla 2, *, Sai Rakshith Gaddameedi 1, Raymart Macasaet 1, Karan Yagnik 1, Zahra Niaz 3, Peter N. Fish 1, Doantrang Du 1 and Shazia Shah 1 Received: 24 March 2024 Revised: 14 November 2024 Accepted: 6 February 2025 Published: 14 February 2025 Citation: Khalid, F.; Bodla, Z.H.; Gaddameedi, S.R.; Macasaet, R.; Yagnik, K.; Niaz, Z.; Fish, P.N.; Du, D.; Shah, S. Evidence-Based Recommendations on the Use of Immunotherapies and Monoclonal Antibodies in the Treatment of Male Reproductive Cancers. Curr. Oncol. 2025, 32, 108. [https://doi.org/](https://doi.org/)[ ](https://doi.org/)[10.3390/curroncol32020108](10.3390/curroncol32020108) Copyright: © 2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([https://creativecommons.org/](https://creativecommons.org/)[ ](https://creativecommons.org/)[licenses/by/4.0/](licenses/by/4.0/)) . 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Monmouth Medical Center, Long Branch, NJ 07740, USA; [sai.gaddameedi@rwjbh.org](sai.gaddameedi@rwjbh.org) (S.R.G.); [karanj.yagnik@rwjbh.org](karanj.yagnik@rwjbh.org) (K.Y.) 2 Department of Internal medicine, Graduate Medical Education, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA 3 Department of Medicine, Al-Aleem Medical College, Lahore 54000, Pakistan * Correspondence: [zubairhassan.bodla@ucf.edu](zubairhassan.bodla@ucf.edu) Abstract: The incidence of male reproductive cancers, including prostate, testicular, and penile cancers, has risen in recent years, raising important health concerns. Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related mortality in men, while penile cancer, though rare, typically affects men over 60 . Testicular cancer, with a lifetime risk of about 0.4% in men, is most common among adolescents and young adults, decreasing sharply after the age of 40 . Traditional treatments include chemotherapy, radiation, surgery, and combinations thereof, but advancements in immunotherapy and monoclonal antibodies are showing promising results, particularly for genitourinary cancers. These therapies, targeting immune checkpoints and tumor-specific antigens, are gaining traction as effective alternatives for resistant cases. This review provides evidence-based recommendations on current and emerging immunotherapy and monoclonal antibody treatments for male reproductive cancers, highlighting future directions to optimize patient outcomes. Keywords: genitourinary carcinomas; monoclonal antibodies; treatment modalities; immunotherapy; prostate cancer; male reproductive tract cancers 1. Introduction Genital cancers or reproductive tract cancers in male encompass tumors of the prostate, testes, and penis. Overall, prostate cancer is the second most common cancer in males after skin cancers, and, furthermore, the incidence rate of prostate cancer has increased by 3% per year since 2014, as per the latest American Cancer Society (ACS, 2023) statistics. On the other hand, penile cancer is one of the rarer cancers in the USA, with the incidence being as low as less than 1 in 100,000 population as per the cancer facts and figures report, 2023, by the American Cancer Society. Nearly all testicular tumors are germ-cell tumors, and are more common in adolescent and young males, but incidence declines rapidly after the age of 40 [1] . Traditional approaches like surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation have certain limitations, forcing us to explore new and innovative treatments such as immunotherapy. Immunotherapy, which leverages the body’s immune system and targets and combats cancer cells, has emerged as a promising avenue for improved outcomes and reduced side-effects in the realm of male genital cancers

FAQs

Which male reproductive cancers are covered, and why does the review emphasize them?

The review focuses on prostate, testicular, and penile cancers and highlights rising incidence and major health impact, including cancer-related mortality and age-related patterns.

What role do immune checkpoint inhibitors and cancer-testis antigens play?

It describes immune checkpoint and cancer-testis antigen targets, focusing on checkpoint pathways involving PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4, with clinical efficacy and response durability.

How do immunotherapies and monoclonal antibodies differ from traditional treatments?

Traditional approaches include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation, while immunotherapies leverage the immune system and monoclonal antibodies target immune checkpoints and tumor antigens, aiming to improve outcomes and manage resistant cases.

Sep 23, 2026

Uploaded by Noah