Establishing standardized transthoracic echocardiography reference ranges for mouse models - PDF extract

Sep 28, 2026

Standardized transthoracic echocardiography reference ranges for mouse models are presented with a focus on reproducible measurement procedures. The material outlines data acquisition and technical considerations for TTE, including equipment and image acquisition workflow, and discusses how biological and procedural factors influence observed cardiac measurements. Emphasis is placed on consistent methods, quality control, and interpretation to support reliable baseline values across experiments. Results are organized to provide usable reference ranges for subsequent preclinical studies.

LanguageEnglish

CategoryHealthcare

FormatPDF

Pages19

Reading Time48 min

AccessFree to download

Introduction

Study scope and rationale

Methods

Echocardiography acquisition and protocol

Quality control and measurement considerations

Results

Reference ranges for key measurements

Discussion

Implications for experimental use

TYP􀀁 O􀀐􀀔􀀄􀀔􀀃􀀈􀀖 R􀀂􀀗􀀂􀀈􀀐c􀀛 PUBLISH􀀁D 19 D􀀂c􀀂􀀕􀀏􀀂􀀐 2025 D􀀝I 10.3389/fc 􀀕 .2025.1695034 􀀁􀀂􀀃􀀄􀀁􀀂 􀀆􀀇 􀀁􀀂􀀃􀀄 􀀆􀀇􀀈 􀀉􀀈􀀃􀀄􀀊 􀀋􀀇􀀈􀀃􀀄􀀌􀀍􀀃􀀄 􀀎􀀈􀀏􀀍􀀐􀀈􀀑􀀍􀀐􀀒 􀀓􀀃􀀔􀀕􀀈􀀖􀀗 􀀘􀀍􀀃􀀔􀀑􀀍􀀐􀀔􀀃􀀄􀀙􀀃􀀗􀀑􀀔􀀑􀀇􀀑􀀂􀀊 􀀚􀀛􀀔􀀃􀀈 􀀈􀀁􀀉􀀃􀀁􀀊􀀁􀀂 􀀆􀀇 􀀜􀀔􀀈􀀃 􀀝􀀇􀀊 􀀁􀀇􀀌􀀈􀀃 􀀞􀀃􀀔 􀀂􀀐􀀗􀀔􀀑􀀒􀀊 􀀚􀀛􀀔􀀃􀀈􀀓􀀃􀀈 􀀁􀀈􀀇􀀗􀀑􀀔􀀃􀀍􀀊 􀀞􀀃􀀔 􀀂􀀐􀀗􀀔􀀑􀀒 􀀍f E 􀀍􀀐􀀈􀀊 P􀀍􀀐􀀑􀀇􀀄􀀈􀀖 *􀀋􀀌􀀈􀀈􀀁􀀍􀀎􀀌􀀏􀀂􀀁􀀏􀀋􀀁 􀀘􀀈􀀐􀀑􀀔􀀃 􀀆􀀐􀀈􀀏􀀂 􀀌􀀂 􀀓􀀃􀀄􀀂􀀖􀀔􀀗 􀀕􀀈􀀐􀀑􀀔􀀃 . 􀀛􀀐􀀈􀀏􀀂􀀌􀀂􀀈􀀃􀀄􀀂􀀖􀀔􀀗@􀀛􀀂􀀖􀀕􀀛􀀍􀀖􀀑z-􀀕􀀇􀀃􀀔c􀀛 .􀀌􀀂 †T􀀛􀀂􀀗􀀂 􀀈􀀇􀀑􀀛􀀍􀀐􀀗 􀀛􀀈 􀀂 c􀀍􀀃􀀑􀀐􀀔􀀏􀀇􀀑􀀂􀀌 􀀂q􀀇􀀈􀀖􀀖􀀒 􀀑􀀍􀀑􀀛􀀔􀀗 w􀀍􀀐k 􀀈􀀁􀀋􀀁􀀃􀀉􀀁􀀂 29 􀀓􀀇􀀄􀀇􀀗􀀑 2025 􀀈􀀁􀀉􀀃􀀍􀀁􀀂 03 N􀀍 􀀂􀀕􀀏􀀂􀀐 2025 􀀐􀀋􀀋􀀁􀀎􀀄􀀁􀀂 25 N􀀍 􀀂􀀕􀀏􀀂􀀐 2025 􀀎􀀑􀀆􀀒􀀃􀀍􀀓􀀁􀀂 19 D􀀂c􀀂􀀕􀀏􀀂􀀐 2025 􀀋􀀌􀀈􀀈􀀁􀀋􀀄􀀁􀀂 23 􀀁􀀂􀀏􀀐􀀇􀀈􀀐􀀒 2026 􀀋􀀃􀀄􀀐􀀄􀀃􀀌􀀏 O􀀂􀀗􀀑􀀂􀀐􀀂􀀔c􀀛􀀂􀀐 􀀘􀀓􀀊 􀀝􀀈􀀐􀀌 􀀚S􀀊 Sc􀀛􀀃􀀂􀀖􀀑z􀀂􀀐 E􀀊􀀘􀀈􀀐􀀗c􀀛􀀈􀀖􀀖 S􀀊 􀀁􀀇c􀀛􀀗 􀀆􀀊 􀀋􀀈􀀔􀀖􀀇􀀗-D􀀇􀀐􀀃􀀂􀀐 V􀀊 B􀀍􀀇 􀀓􀀏􀀍􀀇􀀑 􀀋􀀊 S􀀂􀀖􀀖􀀍􀀇􀀕 􀀘􀀊 􀀘􀀂z􀀔􀀈􀀃􀀂 􀀆􀀊 S􀀑􀀂w􀀈􀀐􀀑 􀀘􀀊 T􀀂􀀏􀀍􀀇􀀖 􀀎􀀊 N􀀍􀀐􀀐􀀔􀀗 􀀚􀀊 P􀀔􀀕􀀕 D􀀊 K􀀈􀀃 􀀘􀀊 􀀎óp􀀂z 􀀋ó􀀕􀀂z 􀀁􀀊 􀀝􀀔􀀖􀀗􀀍􀀃 R􀀊 􀀘􀀍􀀃􀀐􀀍􀀒 􀀘􀀊 P􀀈􀀗􀀛􀀈 S􀀊 Z􀀈􀀏􀀐􀀍􀀌􀀗k􀀈 E􀀊 P􀀐􀀍c􀀛􀀈zk􀀈 􀀜􀀊 P􀀈j􀀇􀀂􀀖􀀍 R􀀂􀀄􀀇􀀂􀀐􀀈 D􀀊 N􀀔c􀀛􀀑􀀍 􀀈 Z􀀊 􀀆􀀂􀀐􀀈􀀇􀀖􀀑 􀀉􀀊 􀀝􀀂􀀖􀀖􀀗 S􀀊 P􀀈􀀐k􀀔􀀃􀀗􀀍􀀃 􀀆􀀊􀀆􀀂􀀈􀀃􀀂􀀒 􀀜D􀀊 S􀀂􀀌􀀖􀀈c􀀂k R􀀊 􀀋􀀈􀀍 X􀀊 􀀆􀀐􀀈􀀏􀀂 􀀌􀀂􀀓􀀃􀀄􀀂􀀖􀀔􀀗 􀀘 􀀈􀀃􀀌 Sp􀀔􀀂􀀖􀀕􀀈􀀃􀀃 N (2025) E􀀗􀀑􀀈􀀏􀀖􀀔􀀗􀀛􀀔􀀃􀀄 􀀗􀀑􀀈􀀃􀀌􀀈􀀐􀀌􀀔z􀀂􀀌 􀀑􀀐􀀈􀀃􀀗􀀑􀀛􀀍􀀐􀀈c􀀔c 􀀂c􀀛􀀍c􀀈􀀐􀀌􀀔􀀍􀀄􀀐􀀈p􀀛􀀒 􀀐􀀂f􀀂􀀐􀀂􀀃c􀀂 􀀐􀀈􀀃􀀄􀀂􀀗 f􀀍􀀐􀀕􀀍􀀇􀀗􀀂 􀀕􀀍􀀌􀀂􀀖􀀗: 􀀔􀀃􀀗􀀔􀀄􀀛􀀑􀀗 􀀔􀀃􀀑􀀍 􀀑􀀛􀀂 􀀔􀀕p􀀈c􀀑 􀀍f 􀀈􀀃􀀂􀀗􀀑􀀛􀀂􀀗􀀔􀀈􀀊 􀀗􀀂x􀀊 􀀈􀀃􀀌 􀀈􀀄􀀂 . 􀀁􀀐􀀍􀀃􀀑 . 􀀚􀀈􀀐􀀌􀀔􀀍 􀀈􀀗c. 􀀘􀀂􀀌 . 12:1695034 .􀀌􀀍􀀔: 10.3389/fc 􀀕 .2025.1695034 􀀋􀀌􀀎􀀇􀀈􀀃􀀔􀀓􀀄 © 2025 O􀀂􀀗􀀑􀀂􀀐􀀂􀀔c􀀛􀀂􀀐􀀊 􀀝􀀈􀀐􀀌􀀊 Sc􀀛􀀃􀀂􀀖􀀑z􀀂􀀐􀀊􀀘􀀈􀀐􀀗c􀀛􀀈􀀖􀀖􀀊 􀀁􀀇c􀀛􀀗􀀊 􀀋􀀈􀀔􀀖􀀇􀀗-D􀀇􀀐􀀃􀀂􀀐􀀊 B􀀍􀀇 􀀓􀀏􀀍􀀇􀀑􀀊 S􀀂􀀖􀀖􀀍􀀇􀀕􀀊 􀀘􀀂z􀀔􀀈􀀃􀀂􀀊 S􀀑􀀂w􀀈􀀐􀀑􀀊 T􀀂􀀏􀀍􀀇􀀖􀀊 N􀀍􀀐􀀐􀀔􀀗􀀊 P􀀔􀀕􀀕􀀊 K􀀈􀀃􀀊 􀀎óp􀀂z 􀀋ó􀀕􀀂z􀀊 􀀝􀀔􀀖􀀗􀀍􀀃􀀊 􀀘􀀍􀀃􀀐􀀍􀀒􀀊 P􀀈􀀗􀀛􀀈􀀊 Z􀀈􀀏􀀐􀀍􀀌􀀗k􀀈􀀊 P􀀐􀀍c􀀛􀀈zk􀀈􀀊 P􀀈j􀀇􀀂􀀖􀀍 R􀀂􀀄􀀇􀀂􀀐􀀈􀀊 N􀀔c􀀛􀀑􀀍 􀀈􀀊 􀀆􀀂􀀐􀀈􀀇􀀖􀀑􀀊 􀀝􀀂􀀖􀀖􀀗􀀊 P􀀈􀀐k􀀔􀀃􀀗􀀍􀀃􀀊􀀆􀀂􀀈􀀃􀀂􀀒􀀊 S􀀂􀀌􀀖􀀈c􀀂k􀀊 􀀋􀀈􀀍􀀊 􀀆􀀐􀀈􀀏􀀂 􀀌􀀂 􀀓􀀃􀀄􀀂􀀖􀀔􀀗 􀀈􀀃􀀌 Sp􀀔􀀂􀀖􀀕􀀈􀀃􀀃 . T􀀛􀀔􀀗 􀀔􀀗 􀀈􀀃 􀀍p􀀂􀀃-􀀈cc􀀂􀀗􀀗 􀀈􀀐􀀑􀀔c􀀖􀀂􀀌􀀔􀀗􀀑􀀐􀀔􀀏􀀇􀀑􀀂􀀌 􀀇􀀃􀀌􀀂􀀐 􀀑􀀛􀀂 􀀑􀀂􀀐􀀕􀀗 􀀍f 􀀑􀀛􀀂 􀀚􀀐􀀂􀀈􀀑􀀔 􀀂􀀚􀀍􀀕􀀕􀀍􀀃􀀗 􀀓􀀑􀀑􀀐􀀔􀀏􀀇􀀑􀀔􀀍􀀃 􀀎􀀔c􀀂􀀃􀀗􀀂 (􀀚􀀚 B􀀉) . T􀀛􀀂􀀇􀀗􀀂􀀊 􀀌􀀔􀀗􀀑􀀐􀀔􀀏􀀇􀀑􀀔􀀍􀀃 􀀍􀀐 􀀐􀀂p􀀐􀀍􀀌􀀇c􀀑􀀔􀀍􀀃 􀀔􀀃 􀀍􀀑􀀛􀀂􀀐 f􀀍􀀐􀀇􀀕􀀗 􀀔􀀗 p􀀂􀀐􀀕􀀔􀀑􀀑􀀂􀀌􀀊 p􀀐􀀍 􀀔􀀌􀀂􀀌 􀀑􀀛􀀂 􀀍􀀐􀀔􀀄􀀔􀀃􀀈􀀖􀀈􀀇􀀑􀀛􀀍􀀐(􀀗) 􀀈􀀃􀀌 􀀑􀀛􀀂 c􀀍p􀀒􀀐􀀔􀀄􀀛􀀑 􀀍w􀀃􀀂􀀐(􀀗) 􀀈􀀐􀀂 c􀀐􀀂􀀌􀀔􀀑􀀂􀀌 􀀈􀀃􀀌 􀀑􀀛􀀈􀀑 􀀑􀀛􀀂 􀀍􀀐􀀔􀀄􀀔􀀃􀀈􀀖 p􀀇􀀏􀀖􀀔c􀀈􀀑􀀔􀀍􀀃 􀀔􀀃􀀑􀀛􀀔􀀗 j􀀍􀀇􀀐􀀃􀀈􀀖 􀀔􀀗 c􀀔􀀑􀀂􀀌􀀊 􀀔􀀃 􀀈cc􀀍􀀐􀀌􀀈􀀃c􀀂 w􀀔􀀑􀀛 􀀈cc􀀂p􀀑􀀂􀀌 􀀈c􀀈􀀌􀀂􀀕􀀔c p􀀐􀀈c􀀑􀀔c􀀂 . N􀀍 􀀇􀀗􀀂􀀊􀀌􀀔􀀗􀀑􀀐􀀔􀀏􀀇􀀑􀀔􀀍􀀃 􀀍􀀐 􀀐􀀂p􀀐􀀍􀀌􀀇c􀀑􀀔􀀍􀀃 􀀔􀀗 p􀀂􀀐􀀕􀀔􀀑􀀑􀀂􀀌 w􀀛􀀔c􀀛 􀀌􀀍􀀂􀀗 􀀃􀀍􀀑 c􀀍􀀕p􀀖􀀒 w􀀔􀀑􀀛 􀀑􀀛􀀂􀀗􀀂 􀀑􀀂􀀐􀀕􀀗 . 􀀁􀀂􀀃􀀄􀀅􀀆􀀇􀀂􀀈􀀇􀀉􀀊 􀀂􀀃􀀄􀀉􀀌􀀄􀀍􀀌􀀇􀀎􀀏􀀌􀀃􀀍􀀄􀀉􀀂􀀃􀀈􀀐􀀍􀀄􀀑􀀇􀀑 􀀏􀀑􀀈􀀐􀀑􀀄􀀍􀀌􀀇􀀐􀀊􀀍􀀄􀀒􀀈􀀓􀀍􀀏􀀔􀀏􀀍􀀏􀀉􀀑􀀏 􀀍􀀄􀀉􀀊􀀏􀀂 􀀔􀀐􀀍 􀀕􀀐􀀖􀀂􀀏􀀕􀀐􀀌􀀏􀀆􀀂􀀗 􀀇􀀉􀀂􀀇􀀊􀀈􀀃􀀂 􀀇􀀉􀀃􀀐 􀀃􀀈􀀏 􀀇􀀕􀀒􀀄􀀑􀀃􀀐􀀔 􀀄􀀉􀀏􀀂􀀃􀀈􀀏􀀂􀀇􀀄􀀘 􀀂􀀏􀀙􀀘 􀀄􀀉􀀌 􀀄􀀊􀀏 􀀚􀀄􀀉􀀖􀀏􀀆􀀄 􀀛􀀜 􀀝􀀏􀀂􀀃􀀏􀀍􀀏􀀇􀀑􀀈􀀏􀀍􀀞 􀀘 C􀀈􀀍􀀇􀀂􀀃􀀐􀀒􀀈􀀏􀀍 S􀀜 W􀀄􀀍􀀌 2 􀀘 􀀁􀀆􀀇􀀌􀀄 S􀀑􀀈􀀉􀀏􀀆􀀃􀀎􀀏􀀍􀀞􀀘 S􀀖􀀂􀀄􀀉 􀀚􀀄􀀍􀀂􀀑􀀈􀀄􀀆􀀆􀀞􀀘 H􀀏􀀆􀀕􀀖􀀃 F􀀖􀀑􀀈􀀂􀀞􀀘 V􀀄􀀆􀀏􀀍􀀇􀀏 G􀀄􀀇􀀆􀀖􀀂-D􀀖􀀍􀀉􀀏􀀍􀀞􀀘 G􀀈􀀇􀀉􀀄 B􀀐􀀖 􀀛􀀅􀀐􀀖􀀃3􀀘 􀀚􀀐􀀈􀀄􀀕􀀕􀀏􀀌 S􀀏􀀆􀀆􀀐􀀖􀀕 3􀀘 H􀀄􀀕􀀇􀀌 􀀚􀀏􀀎􀀇􀀄􀀉􀀏3􀀘 􀀚􀀇􀀑􀀈􀀏􀀆􀀆􀀏 S􀀃􀀏w􀀄􀀍􀀃4􀀘 L􀀓􀀌􀀇􀀄 T􀀏􀀅􀀐􀀖􀀆4􀀘 C􀀆􀀄􀀍􀀏 N􀀐􀀍􀀍􀀇􀀂4􀀘 D􀀄􀀆􀀏 P􀀇􀀕􀀕 4􀀘 􀀚􀀄􀀍􀀇􀀉􀀄 K􀀄􀀉 5􀀘 F􀀏􀀌􀀏􀀍􀀇􀀑􀀐 Ló􀀒􀀏􀀎 Gó􀀕􀀏􀀎5􀀘 R􀀐􀀅􀀏􀀍􀀃 W􀀇􀀆􀀂􀀐􀀉 5􀀘 􀀚􀀄􀀓􀀍􀀄 􀀚􀀐􀀉􀀍􀀐􀀓6􀀘 S􀀈􀀏􀀍􀀄􀀎 P􀀄􀀂􀀈􀀄 6􀀘 􀀁v􀀄 Z􀀄􀀅􀀍􀀐􀀌􀀂k􀀄 7􀀘 J􀀄􀀉 P􀀍􀀐􀀑􀀈􀀄􀀎k􀀄 7􀀘 D􀀄v􀀇􀀌 P􀀄j􀀖􀀏􀀆􀀐 R􀀏􀀊􀀖􀀏􀀍􀀄 7􀀘 Z􀀖􀀎􀀄􀀉􀀄 N􀀇􀀑􀀈􀀃􀀐v􀀄 7􀀘 Y􀀄􀀉􀀉 H􀀏􀀍􀀄􀀖􀀆􀀃3􀀘 S􀀄􀀍􀀄 W􀀏􀀆􀀆􀀂4􀀘 H􀀏􀀆􀀏􀀉 P􀀄􀀍k􀀇􀀉􀀂􀀐􀀉 5􀀘 J􀀄􀀂􀀐􀀉 D􀀜 H􀀏􀀄􀀉􀀏􀀓8􀀘 R􀀄􀀌􀀇􀀂􀀆􀀄v S􀀏􀀌􀀆􀀄􀀑􀀏k7􀀘 X􀀇􀀄􀀉􀀊 G􀀄􀀐9􀀘 􀀚􀀄􀀍􀀃􀀇􀀉 H􀀍􀀄􀀅􀀏 􀀌􀀏 􀀛􀀉􀀊􀀏􀀆􀀇􀀂􀀞􀀘􀀞0􀀘􀀞􀀞*􀀄􀀉􀀌 N􀀄􀀌􀀇􀀉􀀏 S􀀒􀀇􀀏􀀆􀀕􀀄􀀉􀀉 􀀞 1 􀀙􀀃􀀗􀀑􀀔􀀑􀀇􀀑􀀂 􀀍f Exp􀀂􀀐􀀔􀀕􀀂􀀃􀀑􀀈􀀖 􀀋􀀂􀀃􀀂􀀑􀀔c􀀗 􀀈􀀃􀀌 􀀋􀀂􀀐􀀕􀀈􀀃 􀀘􀀍􀀇􀀗􀀂 􀀚􀀖􀀔􀀃􀀔c􀀊 􀀆􀀂􀀖􀀕􀀛􀀍􀀖􀀑z 􀀚􀀂􀀃􀀑􀀂􀀐 􀀘􀀇􀀃􀀔c􀀛􀀊 􀀋􀀂􀀐􀀕􀀈􀀃 R􀀂􀀗􀀂􀀈􀀐c􀀛 􀀚􀀂􀀃􀀑􀀂􀀐 f􀀍􀀐 E􀀃 􀀔􀀐􀀍􀀃􀀕􀀂􀀃􀀑􀀈􀀖 􀀆􀀂􀀈􀀖􀀑􀀛􀀊 N􀀂􀀇􀀛􀀂􀀐􀀏􀀂􀀐􀀄􀀊 􀀋􀀂􀀐􀀕􀀈􀀃􀀒􀀊 2 D􀀂p􀀈􀀐􀀑􀀕􀀂􀀃􀀑 􀀍f 􀀙􀀃􀀑􀀂􀀄􀀐􀀈􀀑􀀔 􀀂 P􀀛􀀒􀀗􀀔􀀍􀀖􀀍􀀄􀀒􀀊 B􀀈􀀒􀀖􀀍􀀐 􀀚􀀍􀀖􀀖􀀂􀀄􀀂 􀀍f 􀀘􀀂􀀌􀀔c􀀔􀀃􀀂􀀊 􀀆􀀍􀀇􀀗􀀑􀀍􀀃􀀊 TX􀀊 􀀞􀀃􀀔􀀑􀀂􀀌 S􀀑􀀈􀀑􀀂􀀗􀀊 3􀀞􀀃􀀔 􀀂􀀐􀀗􀀔􀀑é 􀀌􀀂 S􀀑􀀐􀀈􀀗􀀏􀀍􀀇􀀐􀀄􀀊 􀀚N RS􀀊􀀙NS ER􀀘􀀊 􀀙􀀃􀀗􀀑􀀔􀀑􀀇􀀑􀀂 􀀌􀀂 􀀖􀀈 􀀚􀀖􀀔􀀃􀀔q􀀇􀀂 􀀌􀀂 􀀖􀀈 S􀀍􀀇􀀐􀀔􀀗􀀊 􀀚E􀀎P􀀆ED􀀙􀀓􀀊 P􀀆ENO􀀘􀀙N􀀊 􀀙􀀖􀀖k􀀔􀀐c􀀛􀀊 􀀁􀀐􀀈􀀃c􀀂􀀊 4T􀀛􀀂 􀀘􀀈􀀐􀀒 􀀎􀀒􀀍􀀃􀀚􀀂􀀃􀀑􀀐􀀂 􀀈􀀃􀀌 􀀘R􀀚 􀀆􀀈􀀐w􀀂􀀖􀀖􀀊 􀀆􀀈􀀐w􀀂􀀖􀀖 􀀚􀀈􀀕p􀀇􀀗􀀊 Oxf􀀍􀀐􀀌􀀗􀀛􀀔􀀐􀀂􀀊 􀀞􀀃􀀔􀀑􀀂􀀌 K􀀔􀀃􀀄􀀌􀀍􀀕􀀊 5E􀀇􀀐􀀍p􀀂􀀈􀀃 􀀘􀀍􀀖􀀂c􀀇􀀖􀀈􀀐 B􀀔􀀍􀀖􀀍􀀄􀀒 􀀎􀀈􀀏􀀍􀀐􀀈􀀑􀀍􀀐􀀒-E􀀇􀀐􀀍p􀀂􀀈􀀃 B􀀔􀀍􀀔􀀃f􀀍􀀐􀀕􀀈􀀑􀀔c􀀗 􀀙􀀃􀀗􀀑􀀔􀀑􀀇􀀑􀀂􀀊 􀀝􀀂􀀖􀀖c􀀍􀀕􀀂 T􀀐􀀇􀀗􀀑 􀀋􀀂􀀃􀀍􀀕􀀂 􀀚􀀈􀀕p􀀇􀀗􀀊 􀀆􀀔􀀃x􀀑􀀍􀀃􀀊􀀚􀀈􀀕􀀏􀀐􀀔􀀌􀀄􀀂􀀗􀀛􀀔􀀐􀀂􀀊 􀀞􀀃􀀔􀀑􀀂􀀌 K􀀔􀀃􀀄􀀌􀀍􀀕􀀊 6􀀓􀀌 􀀈􀀃c􀀂􀀌 T􀀂c􀀛􀀃􀀍􀀖􀀍􀀄􀀒 􀀚􀀍􀀐􀀂􀀗􀀊 B􀀈􀀒􀀖􀀍􀀐 􀀚􀀍􀀖􀀖􀀂􀀄􀀂 􀀍f 􀀘􀀂􀀌􀀔c􀀔􀀃􀀂􀀊􀀆􀀍􀀇􀀗􀀑􀀍􀀃􀀊 TX􀀊 􀀞􀀃􀀔􀀑􀀂􀀌 S􀀑􀀈􀀑􀀂􀀗􀀊 7􀀚z􀀂c􀀛 􀀚􀀂􀀃􀀑􀀐􀀂 f􀀍􀀐 P􀀛􀀂􀀃􀀍􀀄􀀂􀀃􀀍􀀕􀀔c􀀗􀀊 􀀙􀀃􀀗􀀑􀀔􀀑􀀇􀀑􀀂 􀀍f 􀀘􀀍􀀖􀀂c􀀇􀀖􀀈􀀐 􀀋􀀂􀀃􀀂􀀑􀀔c􀀗 􀀍f 􀀑􀀛􀀂􀀚z􀀂c􀀛 􀀓c􀀈􀀌􀀂􀀕􀀒 􀀍f Sc􀀔􀀂􀀃c􀀂􀀗􀀊 P􀀐􀀈􀀄􀀇􀀂􀀊 􀀚z􀀂c􀀛 R􀀂p􀀇􀀏􀀖􀀔c􀀊 8D􀀂p􀀈􀀐􀀑􀀕􀀂􀀃􀀑 􀀍f 􀀘􀀍􀀖􀀂c􀀇􀀖􀀈􀀐 􀀈􀀃􀀌 􀀆􀀇􀀕􀀈􀀃􀀋􀀂􀀃􀀂􀀑􀀔c􀀗􀀊 B􀀈􀀒􀀖􀀍􀀐 􀀚􀀍􀀖􀀖􀀂􀀄􀀂 􀀍f 􀀘􀀂􀀌􀀔c􀀔􀀃􀀂􀀊 􀀆􀀍􀀇􀀗􀀑􀀍􀀃􀀊 TX􀀊 􀀞􀀃􀀔􀀑􀀂􀀌 S􀀑􀀈􀀑􀀂􀀗􀀊 9SK􀀎 􀀍f P􀀛􀀈􀀐􀀕􀀈c􀀂􀀇􀀑􀀔c􀀈􀀖 B􀀔􀀍􀀑􀀂c􀀛􀀃􀀍􀀖􀀍􀀄􀀒 􀀈􀀃􀀌 􀀘􀀍􀀌􀀂􀀖 􀀓􀀃􀀔􀀕􀀈􀀖 R􀀂􀀗􀀂􀀈􀀐c􀀛 􀀚􀀂􀀃􀀑􀀂􀀐􀀊 􀀚􀀍􀀖􀀖􀀈􀀏􀀍􀀐􀀈􀀑􀀔 􀀂 􀀙􀀃􀀃􀀍 􀀈􀀑􀀔􀀍􀀃 􀀚􀀂􀀃􀀑􀀂􀀐 f􀀍􀀐 􀀋􀀂􀀃􀀂􀀑􀀔c􀀗 􀀈􀀃􀀌 D􀀂 􀀂􀀖􀀍p􀀕􀀂􀀃􀀑􀀊 N􀀈􀀃j􀀔􀀃􀀄 B􀀔􀀍􀀕􀀂􀀌􀀔c􀀈􀀖 R􀀂􀀗􀀂􀀈􀀐c􀀛 􀀙􀀃􀀗􀀑􀀔􀀑􀀇􀀑􀀂􀀊 N􀀈􀀃j􀀔􀀃􀀄 􀀞􀀃􀀔 􀀂􀀐􀀗􀀔􀀑􀀒􀀊 N􀀈􀀃j􀀔􀀃􀀄􀀊 􀀚􀀛􀀔􀀃􀀈􀀊 10􀀚􀀛􀀈􀀔􀀐 􀀍f Exp􀀂􀀐􀀔􀀕􀀂􀀃􀀑􀀈􀀖 􀀋􀀂􀀃􀀂􀀑􀀔c􀀗􀀊 Sc􀀛􀀍􀀍􀀖 􀀍f 􀀎􀀔f􀀂 Sc􀀔􀀂􀀃c􀀂 􀀝􀀂􀀔􀀛􀀂􀀃􀀗􀀑􀀂p􀀛􀀈􀀃􀀊 T􀀂c􀀛􀀃􀀔􀀗c􀀛􀀂 􀀞􀀃􀀔 􀀂􀀐􀀗􀀔􀀑ä􀀑 􀀘ü􀀃c􀀛􀀂􀀃􀀊􀀁􀀐􀀂􀀔􀀗􀀔􀀃􀀄􀀊 􀀋􀀂􀀐􀀕􀀈􀀃􀀒􀀊 11􀀋􀀂􀀐􀀕􀀈􀀃 􀀚􀀂􀀃􀀑􀀂􀀐 f􀀍􀀐 D􀀔􀀈􀀏􀀂􀀑􀀂􀀗 R􀀂􀀗􀀂􀀈􀀐c􀀛 (DZ D)􀀊 N􀀂􀀇􀀛􀀂􀀐􀀏􀀂􀀐􀀄􀀊 􀀋􀀂􀀐􀀕􀀈􀀃􀀒 􀀃􀀕􀀖􀀗􀀘􀀙􀀚􀀛􀀖􀀜􀀘􀀕􀀝 􀀘􀀍􀀇􀀗􀀂 􀀕􀀍􀀌􀀂􀀖􀀗 p􀀖􀀈􀀒 􀀈 c􀀐􀀔􀀑􀀔c􀀈􀀖 􀀐􀀍􀀖􀀂 􀀔􀀃 c􀀈􀀐􀀌􀀔􀀍􀀖􀀍􀀄􀀒 􀀐􀀂􀀗􀀂􀀈􀀐c􀀛􀀊 􀀍ff􀀂􀀐􀀔􀀃

FAQs

What is the document focused on regarding transthoracic echocardiography?

It focuses on establishing standardized TTE reference ranges for mouse models to support reproducible baseline cardiac measurements in research.

How does the document approach echocardiography methodology?

It describes the acquisition workflow and key protocol considerations for TTE, emphasizing consistency and measurement reliability.

Why are reference ranges important for mouse model studies?

They provide baseline values that help interpret future experimental findings and compare results across studies under consistent measurement practices.

Sep 28, 2026

Uploaded by Sophia Brooks