Electro-mechanical characterisation and damage monitoring by acoustic emission of 3D printed CB/PLA - Revised manuscript

Sep 14, 2026

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Mechanical and electrical coupling in 3D printed fused filament fabrication remains insufficiently understood, despite established effects of printing direction on mechanical properties. This study examines electrically conductive carbon-black-filled polylactic acid (CB/PLA) under monotonic and repeated progressive tensile loading to clarify electro-mechanical behavior. Classical laminate theory is assessed for predictive relevance. Damage is analyzed using acoustic emission, infrared thermography, SEM and X-ray micro-CT. Printing direction strongly governs degradation, highlighting and quantifying crazes in 0° filaments.

LanguageEnglish

CategoryResearch & Report

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Pages24

Reading Time1 h 0 min

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Abstract

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Introduction

Edinburgh Research Explorer Electro-mechanical characterisation and damage monitoring by acoustic emission of 3D printed CB/PLA Citation for published version: Roumy, L, Truong Hoang, T-Q, Touchard, F, Robert, C & Martinez-Hergueta, F 2024, 'Electro-mechanical characterisation and damage monitoring by acoustic emission of 3D printed CB/PLA', Materials, vol. 17, no. 5, 1047. [https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17051047](https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17051047) Digital Object Identifier (DOI): 10.3390/ma17051047 Link: Link to publication record in Edinburgh Research Explorer Document Version: Peer reviewed version Published In: Materials General rights Copyright for the publications made accessible via the Edinburgh Research Explorer is retained by the author(s) and / or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing these publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Take down policy The University of Edinburgh has made every reasonable effort to ensure that Edinburgh Research Explorer content complies with UK legislation. If you believe that the public display of this file breaches copyright please [contact openaccess@ed.ac.uk](contact openaccess@ed.ac.uk) providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 14. Sep. 2026 Article 1 Electro-mechanical characterisation and damage monitoring by 2 acoustic emission of 3D printed CB/PLA 3 Laurane Roumy 1,2,3,* , Thuy-Quynh Truong-Hoang 2, Fabienne Touchard 1,*, Colin Robert 4 and Francisca Martinez- 4 Hergueta 3 5 Citation: To be added by editorial staff during production. Academic Editor: Firstname Lastname Received: date Revised: date Accepted: date Published: date Copyright: © 2023 by the authors. Submitted for possible open access publication under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([https://creativecommons.org/license](https://creativecommons.org/license)[s/by/4.0/](s/by/4.0/)) . 1 Institut Pprime, CNRS-ENSMA-Université de Poitiers, Dpt Physique et Mécanique des Matériaux, ENSMA, 6 1 Av. C. Ader, B.P. 40109, 86961 Futuroscope Cedex, France ; [fabienne.touchard@ensma.fr](fabienne.touchard@ensma.fr) 7 2 ESTACA, ESTACA’Lab-Laval, F53000 Laval, France ; [thuy-quynh.truong-hoang@estaca.fr](thuy-quynh.truong-hoang@estaca.fr) 8 3 School of Engineering, Institute for Infrastructures and Environment, University of Edinburgh, UK: francis- 9 [ca.mhergueta@ed.ac.uk](ca.mhergueta@ed.ac.uk) 10 4 School of Engineering, Institute for Materials and Processes, University of Edinburgh, UK: 11 [c.robert@sheffield.ac.uk](c.robert@sheffield.ac.uk) 12 * Correspondence: [laurane.roumy@ensma.fr](laurane.roumy@ensma.fr); [fabienne.touchard@ensma.fr](fabienne.touchard@ensma.fr) 13 Abstract: Even though the influence of the printing direction on the mechanical properties of 3D 14 printed samples by fused filament fabrication is established in the literature, very little is known 15 about the mechanical and electrical coupling. In this study, electrically conductive polylactic acid 16 filled with carbon black particles undergoes monotonic and repeated progressive tensile loading 17 to better understand the influence of the printing direction on the electro-mechanical properties of 18 three dimensional printed samples. The objective is to analyse the electro-mechanical behaviour of 19 this composite for its potential application as an actuator. The classical laminate theory is also ap- 20 plied to evaluate the relevance of this theory in predicting the mechanical characteristics of this 21 material. In addition, a comprehensive damage analysis is performed using acoustic emission, in- 22 fra-red thermography, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray micro computed tomography im- 23 aging. Results show that the degradation of the mechanical and electrical properties

FAQs

What material system and stimulus are studied in this work?

The study investigates carbon-black-filled polylactic acid (CB/PLA) and focuses on electro-mechanical behavior relevant to actuation through electrical heating.

How does printing direction affect the results?

Degradation of both mechanical and electrical properties is strongly influenced by printing direction, with crazes appearing and developing in 0° filaments that are highlighted and quantified.

Which methods are used for damage analysis?

Damage analysis combines acoustic emission with infrared thermography, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray micro computed tomography imaging.

Sep 14, 2026

Uploaded by Himbo