Diamond & Related Materials 133 - The electrochemical behavior of silica and activated carbon materials derived from rice husk waste for Li-ion cells

Oct 28, 2026

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Amorphous silica powders (1-SiO2 and 2-SiO2) and activated carbon with few-layer graphene are derived from rice husk using a simple, efficient process. The synthesized samples are characterized by TGA, SEM, XRD, XRF, nitrogen low-temperature adsorption/desorption, Raman, and EDAX. Rice husk calcination yields 18 wt% and 14 wt% of 1-SiO2 and 2-SiO2, respectively, while rice husk carbonization and activation produce ~11 wt% activated carbon with SBET = 3292 m2 g−1. The materials show feasibility as Li-ion battery anodes based on high theoretical capacity of silica and stable charge/discharge behavior of activated carbon. A 2-SiO2 sample with SBET = 980 m2 g−1, purity above 99%, and pore volume of 1.20 cm3 g−1 delivers reversible capacities around 841 and 442 mAh g−1 (1st/50th cycle) with coulombic efficiency above 95%, while activated carbon exhibits initial discharge capacity of 1462 mAh g−1 and 477 mAh g−1 at 50 cycles with coulombic efficiency above 90%.

LanguageEnglish

CategoryResearch & Report

FormatPDF

Pages9

Reading Time23 min

AccessFree to download

Introduction

Background: energy demand and Li-ion batteries

Motivation: electrode materials and sustainability

Materials and Methods

Synthesis from rice husk

Characterization techniques

Results

Calcination yield of silica

Activation yield and surface area

Electrochemical performance of anodes

Diamond & Related Materials 133 (2023) 109759 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Diamond & Related Materials journal [homepage:](homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/diamond)[ www.elsevier.com/locate/diamond](homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/diamond) | The electrochemical behavior of silica and activated carbon materials derived from the rice husk waste for li-ion cells | | | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Kydyr Askarulya, b, d, Alina V. Korobeinykf, *, Seitkhan Azata, b, c, **, Mukhtar Yeleuova, b, Azamat Taurbekov b, c, Kainaubek Toshtay c, Zhandos Tauanovc, Xintai Sue
a Satbayev University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
b Institute of Combustion Problems, Almaty, Kazakhstan
c Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
d Almaty University of Power Engineering and Telecommunications, Almaty, Kazakhstan
e School of Environment and Energy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
f Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark | | | | | A R T I C L E I N F O | | A B S T R A C T | | | Keywords:
Rice husk Silica Activated carbon
Anode materials Li-ion battery | | In this work, an amorphous silica powders (1-SiO2 and 2-SiO2) and activated carbon with few-layer graphene were derived from rice husk using simple and efficient process. Synthesized samples were characterized by means of TGA SEM, XRD, XRF, nitrogen low-temperature adsorption/desorption, Raman, and EDAX. Rice husk calcination yields in 18 and 14 wt% of 1-SiO2 and 2-SiO2, correspondingly. Carbonization of rice husk followed by activation yielded about 11 wt% of activated carbon with large specific surface area (SBET = 3292 m2 g − 1). Feasibility of resulting materials as anode materials for Li-ion batteries grounded on a high theoretical capacity of silica and high charge/discharge stability of activated carbon. We present here a 2-SiO2 material with large specific surface area of 980 m2 g − 1, of high purity above 99 %, and large pore volume (1.20 cm3 g − 1), which results in a reversible capacity of about 841 and 442 mAh g − 1 (1st and 50th cycle) with coulombic efficiency higher than 95 %. Activated carbon demonstrated the highest initial discharge specific capacity and stable reversible capacity after 50 cycles as 1462 and 477 mAh g − 1 (1st and 50th cycle), and coulombic efficiency higher than 90 %. | | 1. Introduction With the depletion of coal, oil, natural gas, and other finite energy resources and the increasingly serious environmental pollution, it is extremely urgent to develop clean and renewable energy as well as reliable energy storage. At present, as the most efficient energy storage device, Li-ion batteries (LIBs) have been commercialized and widely used in electric vehicles, energy storage power stations, computers, mobile phones, and other electronic products. In addition, self-discharge of those is less than half of nickel‑cadmium, which makes the LIBs well suited for application in modern gadgets and devices [1–5]. Lithium is the lightest of all metals, has the highest electrochemical potential, and provides the highest energy density [6]. Designing new materials to improve the energy density of LIBs remains an important challenge, as both the cathode and anode affect the capacity of LIB. The most common and easily sourced materials are silica and carbon, meanwhile theoretical capacities for silica and carbon capacities are 4200 and 372 mAh g − 1 [7–9]. Both, the activated carbon and SiO2, received a lot of interest due to their attractive cost and insignificant volume change during cycling [10]. Electrode materials with sustainable and low-cost features are the primary choices for the next-generation high performance. To lessen the processing costs, recycling and reusing of by-products of various industrial sectors, such as rice husk (RH) and wheat straw from agricultural industry is of utmost importance in terms

FAQs

What materials were synthesized from rice husk in this work?

The study synthesizes amorphous silica powders (1-SiO2 and 2-SiO2) and activated carbon with few-layer graphene derived from rice husk.

Which characterization methods were used to analyze the synthesized samples?

Samples were analyzed using TGA, SEM, XRD, XRF, nitrogen low-temperature adsorption/desorption, Raman, and EDAX.

How do the produced 2-SiO2 and activated carbon perform as Li-ion battery anodes?

2-SiO2 delivers reversible capacities of about 841 and 442 mAh g−1 at the 1st and 50th cycles with coulombic efficiency above 95%. Activated carbon shows an initial discharge capacity of 1462 mAh g−1 and 477 mAh g−1 at 50 cycles with coulombic efficiency above 90%.

Oct 28, 2026

Upload by sagouaw