Correlation of Serum Growth Differentiation Factor 15 With Metabolic Syndrome and Its Components in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Q: How were patients grouped in this study?

The study retrospectively collected data from 125 T2DM patients and divided them into two groups: T2DM alone (67 cases) and T2DM combined with MS (58 cases) based on MS diagnostic criteria.

Q: What relationships were observed between serum GDF15 and metabolic syndrome?

Serum GDF15 levels were higher in the T2DM plus MS group. GDF15 increased with MS prevalence and correlated positively with systolic blood pressure, body mass index, uric acid, triglycerides, and MS prevalence.

Q: Does GDF15 have diagnostic value for T2DM combined with MS?

ROC curve analysis validated diagnostic value, with AUC and confidence intervals reported, and an optimal cut-off value of 395.81 pg/mL, along with sensitivity and specificity values.

Sep 29, 2026

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Serum growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) was evaluated for its relationship with metabolic syndrome (MS) and MS components in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). A retrospective dataset of 125 T2DM patients from 2022–2023 was divided into T2DM alone and T2DM combined with MS groups. GDF15 levels were higher in the combined MS group, rising with MS prevalence. GDF15 showed positive correlations with systolic blood pressure, body mass index, uric acid, triglycerides, and MS prevalence, and remained an independent risk factor. ROC analysis supported GDF15 diagnostic value for T2DM with MS.

LanguageEnglish

CategoryHealthcare

FormatPDF

Pages9

Reading Time23 min

AccessFree to download

Purpose

Patients and Methods

Results

Group differences in GDF15 and MS prevalence

Correlation with clinical and laboratory indicators

Logistic regression and ROC diagnostic evaluation

Conclusion

Wiley Journal of Diabetes Research Volume 2025, Article ID 5345541, 9 pages [https://doi.org/10.1155/jdr/5345541](https://doi.org/10.1155/jdr/5345541) Research Article Correlation of Serum Growth Differentiation Factor 15 With Metabolic Syndrome and Its Components in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Yiran Zhao , 1,2 Yonghong Cao , 1,2 Yue Li , 1,2 Xinxiu Zhang, 1,2 Wu Dai, 1,2 Jiajia Song , 1,2 Dechao Yin, 1,2 and Xiaofang Han 1,2 1Department of Endocrinology, The Second People's Hospital of Hefei, Hefei Hospital Aﬃliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China 2 The Fifth Clinical College of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China Correspondence should be addressed to Xiaofang Han; [hxfanghf@sina.com](hxfanghf@sina.com) Received 8 February 2025; Revised 12 November 2025; Accepted 13 November 2025 Academic Editor: Ricardo Cobucci Copyright © 2025 Yiran Zhao et al. Journal of Diabetes Research published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to explore the association between serum growth diﬀerentiation factor 15 (GDF15) and metabolic syndrome (MS), as well as its components in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) . Patients and Methods: Data on 125 patients with T2DM admitted to the Department of Endocrinology of the Second People's Hospital of Hefei City between August 2022 and June 2023 were retrospectively collected. According to the diagnostic criteria of MS, the patients were divided into two groups: T2DM alone (67 cases) and T2DM combined with MS (58 cases) . General conditions and laboratory indicators of the patients were collected to analyze the correlation of GDF15 expression in T2DM and combined MS. Results: The GDF15 level in the T2DM with MS group was higher than that in the T2DM group (p <0 001); speciﬁcally, the median (interquartile range) of GDF15 in the T2DM with MS group was 494.86 (355.72, 925.77) pg/mL, compared with 266.47 (174.49, 405.09) pg/mL in the T2DM alone group. Serum GDF15 was used as a grouping variable, and the prevalence of MS increased as GDF15 levels increased. Correlation analysis showed that GDF15 was found to be positively correlated (p <0 05) with systolic blood pressure (r =0 274), body mass index (r =0 239), uric acid (r =0 182), triglycerides (r =0 314), and MS prevalence (r =0 506) . Binary logistic regression results showed that GDF15 was a statistically independent risk factor for T2DM combined with MS (p <0 05) . The diagnostic value of GDF15 for T2DM with MS was validated by ROC curve analysis (AUC 95%CI =0 793 [0.716–0.870], p <0 001) with an optimal cut-oﬀ value of 395.81pg/mL, a sensitivity of 71%, and a speciﬁcity of 73% . Conclusion: Serum GDF15 is strongly correlated with T2DM combined with MS and its components, and elevated GDF15 is valuable for the diagnosis of T2DM combined with MS. Keywords: growth diﬀerentiation factor 15; metabolic syndrome; obesity; Type 2 diabetes mellitus 1. Introduction Diabetes mellitus (DM) aﬀects 400 million people globally and is a serious public health issue [1] . Numerous longterm microvascular and macrovascular problems may arise as the condition worsens. Retinopathy, cataracts, nephropa- thy, and neuropathy are instances of microvascular repercussions; stroke, cardiovascular disease, coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease, and diabetic foot are examples of macrovascular issues. In 2015, there were around 415 million people with diabetes worldwide, more than 90% of whom had type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) . By 2040, that 2 Journal of Diabetes Research number is predicted to grow to 640 million, or 642 million people [2] . In actual clinical settings, there is a 70.0%– 80.0% chance that a patient with Type 2 diabetes also has a concomitant

FAQs

How were patients grouped in this study?

The study retrospectively collected data from 125 T2DM patients and divided them into two groups: T2DM alone (67 cases) and T2DM combined with MS (58 cases) based on MS diagnostic criteria.

What relationships were observed between serum GDF15 and metabolic syndrome?

Serum GDF15 levels were higher in the T2DM plus MS group. GDF15 increased with MS prevalence and correlated positively with systolic blood pressure, body mass index, uric acid, triglycerides, and MS prevalence.

Does GDF15 have diagnostic value for T2DM combined with MS?

ROC curve analysis validated diagnostic value, with AUC and confidence intervals reported, and an optimal cut-off value of 395.81 pg/mL, along with sensitivity and specificity values.

Sep 29, 2026

Upload by Blue Pony