Condylar Bone Quality in Growing Children Is Associated With Genetic Polymorphisms in Genes Involved in Calcium and Phosphate Maintenance

Sep 30, 2026

Uploaded by Jacob

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) influence vitamin D, parathyroid hormone (PTH), and calcitonin, which are central to bone health. This study examined whether SNPs in vitamin D, calcitonin, and PTH related genes are linked to condylar bone quality during the active mandibular growth phase. Fractal dimension from panoramic radiographs quantified bone complexity and microarchitecture using an ImageJ automation script to reduce analysis bias. DNA from saliva genotyped VDR, CYP27B1, CYP24A1, VDBP, SEC23A, CALCR, and PTH in 100 children, and specific genotypes showed altered fractal dimensions.

LanguageEnglish

CategoryHealthcare

FormatPDF

Pages7

Reading Time18 min

AccessFree to download

Introduction

Materials and Methods

Participants and ethics approval

Genotyping and imaging-based fractal analysis

Statistical analysis

Results

Associations between genotypes and fractal dimensions

Conclusion

Wiley BioMed Research International Volume 2026, Article ID 9337029, 7 pages [https://doi.org/10.1155/bmri/9337029](https://doi.org/10.1155/bmri/9337029) Research Article Condylar Bone Quality in Growing Children Is Associated With Genetic Polymorphisms in Genes Involved in Calcium and Phosphate Maintenance Erika Calvano Küchler , 1 Caio Luiz Bitencourt Reis ,2 Gabriela Fonseca-Souza ,3 Daniel Hemming ,4 Flares Baratto-Filho ,4,5 Cristiano Miranda de Araujo ,4,5 Svenja Beisel-Memmert , 1 Juliana Feltrin-Souza ,3 Michelle Nascimento Meger ,4 and Bianca Lopes Cavalcante-Leão 4 1Department of Orthodontics, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany 2School of Dentistry, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil 3Department of Stomatology, Federal Paraná University, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil 4School of Dentistry, Tuiuti University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil 5School of Dentistry, Univille University, Joinville, Santa Catarina, Brazil Correspondence should be addressed to Erika Calvano Küchler; erika.kuchler@ukbonn.de Received 15 April 2025; Revised 24 September 2025; Accepted 14 October 2025 Academic Editor: Baisakhi Banerjee Copyright © 2026 Erika Calvano Küchler et al. BioMed Research International published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) play a crucial role in regulating vitamin D, parathyroid hormone (PTH), and calcitonin concentrations, which are involved in bone health. Some reports suggested that fractal analysis is useful in the morphometric analysis of the mandible trabecular bone in panoramic radiographs. Therefore, we investigated if SNPs in genes that inﬂuence vitamin D, calcitonin, and PTH levels are involved in condylar bone quality during the active growing phase of the mandible. Fractal dimension was obtained from the condyle region of interest (ROI) using panoramic radiographs and used to measure the complexity and the microarchitecture of the bone. Fractal dimension using the box-counting algorithm was then calculated. In order to avoid information bias, a script to automate the commands in the software ImageJ was generated to ensure consistency and minimize the potential for human error during the data analysis process. SNPs in vitamin D receptor ( VDR), cytochrome P450 family 27 subfamily B member 1 (CYP27B1), cytochrome P450 family 24 subfamily A member 1 (CYP24A1), vitamin D binding protein ( VDBP), SEC23 homolog A (SEC23A), calcitonin receptor (CALCR), and parathyroid hormone (PTH) were analyzed. DNA extracted from saliva was used for genotyping analysis of VDR (rs7975232, rs2228570, and rs1544410), CYP27B1 (rs4646536), CYP24A1 (rs927650), VDBP (rs4588), SEC23A (rs8018720), CALCR (rs1801197), and PTH (rs6256, rs307247, and rs694) . A statistical analysis was performed with an alpha error tolerance of 5% . A total of 100 children were included; 50 (50%) were boys and the age ranged from 5 to 14 years old. Fractal dimensions were compared among genotypes. The GT (mean = 1 20 and standard error = 0 03, p =0 024) and TT genotypes (mean = 1 16 and standard error = 0 06, p =0 047) in the gene VDBP (rs4588) presented lower fractal dimension. The GG genotype in SEC23A (rs8018720) (mean = 1 34 and standard error = 0 03, p =0 011) and the TC genotype in PTH (rs694) showed an increased fractal dimension (mean = 1 29 and standard error = 0 03, p =0 020) . In conclusion, SNPs in VDBP, SEC23A, and PTH encoding genes are associated with mandibular condylar trabecular bone structure in children. Keywords: fractal dimension analysis; mandibular condyle; panoramic radiography; vitamin D receptor 2 BioMed Research International 1. Introduction morphometric analysis of the mandible trabecular bone in panoramic radiographs

FAQs

What was the main objective of this study?

To determine whether SNPs in genes related to vitamin D, calcitonin, and PTH are associated with condylar bone quality during active mandibular growth.

How was condylar bone quality assessed?

Fractal dimension was calculated from the condyle region of interest on panoramic radiographs using the box-counting method to reflect bone complexity and microarchitecture.

Which genes and results were highlighted in the conclusion?

The study concluded that SNPs in genes encoding VDBP, SEC23A, and PTH are associated with mandibular condylar trabecular bone structure in children.

Sep 30, 2026

Uploaded by Jacob