Comparison of Human Papillomavirus Genotype Detection in Paired Urine and Self-Collected Cervical Swabs - A Pilot Study

Sep 24, 2026

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A pilot cross-sectional study evaluates urine as a simple, cost-effective screening alternative for Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection among asymptomatic women, comparing paired first-void urine with self-collected cervical swabs tested by realtime PCR using the TRUPCR HPV high-risk genotyping kit. HPV detection was 94% (16/17) in urine versus 100% (15/15) in cervical swabs, with genotype 68 highly prevalent in urine. Urine diagnostic accuracy reached 98.8% (95% CI 79.43%–100.00%), supporting standardization for cervical cancer screening strategies.

LanguageEnglish

CategoryHealthcare

FormatPDF

Pages4

Reading Time10 min

AccessFree to download

Abstract

Objectives

Materials and Methods

Results

Conclusion

Introduction

Materials and Methods

Study design

Recruitment of subjects

RESEARCH ARTICLE Editorial Process: Submission:03/13/2023 Acceptance:07/02/2023 Comparison of Human Papillomavirus Genotype Detection in Paired Urine and Self-Collected Cervical Swabs: A Pilot Study Sangram Singh Patel1 *, Nilanchali Singh2, Ashima Jamwal1, Chinmoy Sahu1, Atul Garg1, Nisha Rao2, Nidhi Tejan1, Rashid Khan1 Abstract Objectives: With the objective of establishing a simple, cost-effective, and effective screening tool for the screening of Human PapillomaVirus infection, the study was undertaken. Materials and Methods: This pilot study was conducted on 20 urine samples of women whose cervical swabs were tested positive while screening for Human papilloma virus in asymptomatic women. Results: HPV genotypes were detected in 94%(16/17) patients in urine samples by realtime PCR while a 100% detection rate (15/15) was observed in the cervical swab samples. The results of the urine and cervical swab samples, tested by the TRUPCR ®HPV high-risk genotyping kit, are shown in Table 2. HPV genotype 68 was found in 82.3% urinary samples and 100% of self-collected vaginal swab samples. Out of 16 positive urine samples, 2 were positive for HPV genotype 16 and 5 were positive for HPV genotype 18, and in cervical swab testing out of 15 positive samples, 3 were positive for HPV genotype 16, and 5 were positive for HPV genotype 18. Diagnostic accuracy of urine was found to be 98.8%(95% CI 79.43% -100.00%). Conclusion: This pilot study aims to assess the accuracy of urine samples in the screening of HPV infection among asymptomatic women and establish the distribution of prevalent HPV genotypes. This may further contribute to standardizing the urine and cervical swab testing methods for cervical cancer screening strategies. Keywords: Human Papilloma Virus-cervical swab-Urine samples-HPV genotypes Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 24 (7), 2427-2430 Introduction Worldwide, cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer reported in women and is the second most common cancer in women inhabiting low-income countries (Bhatla and Singhal, 2020) . The cancer is associated with the Human papillomavirus (HPV) which is known to affect the sexually active population at some point in their lives. HPV is a small, non-enveloped deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) virus that has a special predilection for mucosal cells (WHO Cervical cancer, 2022) . The viral genome contributes to over 100 HPV genotypes, of which 16 are responsible for 70% of the cervical cancers. The infection may be self-limiting or may result in pre-cancerous and invasive cancer. In addition, access to treatment for such cancerous lesions is limited in low or middle-income countries which further attributes to a high mortality rate of 13.3/100,000 . This, however, can be reduced by effective screening interventions and timely diagnosis. The PAP (Papanicolaou) test has been a preferred screening tool (MacLaughlin et al., 2019) in the diagnosis of cervical cancer but there are certain limitations like incorrect information regarding the procedure, lack of spousal or family support towards the test and the stigma associated with cervical cancer contribute to the decreased accession of the procedure among the rural population (Taneja et al., 2021) . Screening strategies for cervical cytology or Papanicolaou (PAP) testing require uncomfortable, and pelvic examinations and the cytology results are often susceptible to technical errors, low sensitivity, and false negative results. Therefore, alternative, and supplementary HPV DNA assays are often required in combination with the traditional Pap smear test. Self-sampled vaginal swabs are being used in screening programs at different centres but their limitations like improper technique, non-cooperation further add to the limited implementation in the rural population (Adsul et al., 2019). Testing urine samples may prove to be a successful alternative to screening methods, especially in poor-resource countries. The first void ur

FAQs

What is the purpose of this pilot study?

To assess how accurately urine samples detect HPV infection in asymptomatic women and to describe the distribution of prevalent HPV genotypes.

How were urine and cervical swab samples tested?

Paired samples were tested by realtime PCR using the TRUPCR HPV high-risk genotyping kit, with results shown for multiple HPV genotypes.

What detection and accuracy outcomes were reported for urine testing?

HPV genotypes were detected in 94% of urine samples (16/17), and urine diagnostic accuracy was 98.8% with a 95% confidence interval of 79.43%–100.00%.

Sep 24, 2026

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