Clinical characteristics and factors associated with survival rate of patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer attending at a Tertiary Hospital in Somalia

Q: What is the main objective of the study on NMIBC in Somalia?

To evaluate clinical-histopathological characteristics and factors associated with survival rate, specifically cancer-specific survival, among NMIBC patients attending a tertiary hospital in Somalia.

Q: What patient and tumor characteristics were associated with cancer-specific mortality (CSM)?

Age, gender, tumor stage and grade, tumor location, number, tumor size, use of intravesical chemotherapy or BCG, preoperative hydronephrosis grade, and follow-up compliance were associated with CSM.

Q: What were the reported survival outcomes and leading causes of mortality?

The 5-year overall survival was 57.1%, and cardiovascular diseases were the leading cause of mortality, followed by diabetes.

Sep 22, 2026

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The study evaluates clinical-histopathological characteristics and prognostic factors linked to cancer-specific survival in patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) in Somalia, where published epidemiology and risk-factor evidence is limited. A six-year cohort of 196 NMIBC patients analyzes disease features associated with cancer-specific mortality. Mean age was 59.01 years; urothelial carcinoma dominated. Five-year overall survival was 57.1%, with cardiovascular disease the leading mortality cause. Results identify age, sex, stage/grade, location, tumor number, size, intravesical chemotherapy or BCG, hydronephrosis grade, and follow-up compliance as significant associations.

LanguageEnglish

CategoryHealthcare

FormatPDF

Pages7

Reading Time18 min

AccessFree to download

Abstract

Introduction

Burden and epidemiology of bladder cancer

Risk factors for bladder cancer

Disparities in healthcare access and diagnosis

Evidence gaps for NMIBC in Somalia

Mohamed et al. BMC Cancer (2024) 24:839 BMC Cancer [https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-024-12632-9](https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-024-12632-9) RESEARCH Open Access Clinical characteristics and factors associated with survival rate of patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer attending at a Tertiary Hospital in Somalia Abdikarim Hussein Mohamed 1,2*, Khaled Ali Mohamed 1, Ertan Kayacan 1, Yassin Nur2 and Mohamed Abdikarim Nur-amin2 Abstract Background A few studies regarding the epidemiology and risk factors of Non-muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer (NMIBC) are reported from Sub-Saharan African countries (SSA), including Somalia, and the African literature is scanton the management of NMIBC. The present study aims to evaluate the clinical-histopathological characteristics and factors associated with the survival rate of patients with NMIBC. Method This six-year cohort study included 196 patients with NMIBC. It reviewed the clinical and histopathological characteristics and factors predicting cancer-specific survival for these patients. Results The mean patient age was 59.01 ± 11.50 years, with a male-to-female ratio of 2. 8:1 . Urothelial carcinoma (UC) constituted the most common pathological type, accounting for 90 . 8%; Ta LG andT1HG were the most common histopathological tumour stage and grade (n = 90, 45 . 9%, vs. n = 56, 28 . 6%), respectively. The mean tumour size was 4.72 ± 2.81 cm. The cancer-specific mortality(CSM) was 13. 3% . Age [2 . 252(2 .310–2. 943], p < 0. 001], Gender [1 . 031(0 .981-1.1. 242),p < 0. 001], tumour stage and grade [4 . 902(3 .607–5. 614),p < 0. 001], tumour location [1 . 135(0 .806–1. 172),p < 0. 001], number [0 . 510(0 .410–0. 920),p = 0 . 03], tumour size [1 . 523(0 .936–1. 541),p < 0. 001], use of intravesical chemotherapy or BCG [2 . 810(1 .972–4. 381),p < 0. 001], preoperative hydronephrosis grade [1 . 517(1 .172– 2. 154),p < 0. 001], and follow-up compliance [3 . 376(2 .633–5. 018),p < 0. 001] were all associated with CSM. The 5-year overall survival was 57 . 1%, and cardiovascular diseases were the leading cause of mortality (n = 34), followed by diabetes (n = 28) . Conclusion Our study findings revealed that UC constituted the most common pathological subtype, though less than forty per cent of our patients receive intravesical adjuvant therapies, which are crucial to minimizing disease morbidity and mortality. Initiatives improving uro-oncological care, including subspecialty training in oncology and essential cancer therapies, better access to urology services, and cancer screening programs, are much needed for optimal management plans and care in the country. *Correspondence: Abdikarim Hussein Mohamed [abdikarimgabeyre@gmail.com](abdikarimgabeyre@gmail.com) Full list of author information is available at the end of the article © The Author(s) 2024. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit [http://creativecommons.org/l](http://creativecommons.org/l)icenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ([http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/](http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/)) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit lin

FAQs

What is the main objective of the study on NMIBC in Somalia?

To evaluate clinical-histopathological characteristics and factors associated with survival rate, specifically cancer-specific survival, among NMIBC patients attending a tertiary hospital in Somalia.

What patient and tumor characteristics were associated with cancer-specific mortality (CSM)?

Age, gender, tumor stage and grade, tumor location, number, tumor size, use of intravesical chemotherapy or BCG, preoperative hydronephrosis grade, and follow-up compliance were associated with CSM.

What were the reported survival outcomes and leading causes of mortality?

The 5-year overall survival was 57.1%, and cardiovascular diseases were the leading cause of mortality, followed by diabetes.

Sep 22, 2026

Upload by Oliver