Bioprinting of 3D anatomical models of flat and long thoracic limb bones of domestic cats (Felis catus Linnaeus, 1758)

Sep 8, 2026

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Any technique that supports anatomy learning strengthens understanding and links directly to clinical and surgical routines. Three-dimensional model printing has attracted attention because printed structures can closely match real anatomy. This study produced 3D-printed anatomical pieces faithful to flat (scapula) and long (humerus, radius, ulna) thoracic limb bones of domestic cats using scanned images from the FMVZ-USP Veterinary Macroscopic Anatomy Laboratory collection. The resulting models retained species-specific anatomical details and can be used interactively to teach comparative and applied veterinary anatomy.

LanguageEnglish

CategoryResearch & Report

FormatPDF

Pages7

Reading Time18 min

AccessFree to download

Abstract

Objectives and method

Results and educational use

SCIENTIFIC ARTICLE Bioprinting of 3D anatomical models of flat and long thoracic limb bones of domestic cats (Felis catus Linnaeus, 1758) Bioimpressão de modelos anatômicos 3D de ossos planos elongos do membro torácicos de Gatos Domésticos (Felis catus Linnaeus, 1758) Nathalia da Silva Ramos Elias1, Helton Carlos Sabino Pereira2, Antônio Francisco da Silva Lisboa Neto3, Erick Eduardo da Silveira4, Amilton César dos Santos5 & Antônio Chaves de Assis Neto6* 􀀬 1 Undergraduate in Veterinary Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia (FMVZ), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil 2 Biologist, Programa de Pós-Graduação emAnatomia dos Animais Domésticos e Silvestres (PPGAADS), FMVZ, USP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil 3 Veterinarian, DSc. , PPGAADS, FMVZ, USP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil 4 Veterinarian, MSc. , PPGAADS, FMVZ, USP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil 5 Biologist, DSc. , FMVZ, USP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil 6 Veterinarian, DSc. , FMVZ, USP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil Abstract Any technique that assists the study of anatomy is important for the development of learning because knowledge creates a fundamental connection to the clinical and surgical routine. Three-dimensional (3D) model printing has gained visibility by achieving similarities between the real model and the printed one. This work aimed to produce 3D-printed anatomical pieces which are true to the real parts of the flat (scapula) and long (humerus, radius and ulna) bones of the thoracic limb in cats. Domestic cat bones from the FMVZ-USP Veterinary Macroscopic Anatomy Laboratory collection were used to obtain the scanned images and prints of the 3D models. The obtained 3D models were similar to the real bones and included the anatomical particularities of the species. Anatomical details of the scapula, humerus, radius, and ulna were reliably obtained. This study produced digital and printed 3D anatomical models of the flat and long bones of the thoracic limb, which can be used interactively and dynamically to teach comparative and applied anatomy. Keywords: three-dimensional anatomy; 3D scanning; teaching anatomy; veterinary medicine; educational models. Resumo Qualquer técnica que auxilie o estudo da anatomia é importante para o desenvolvimento de seu aprendizado, de maneira que o seu conhecimento crieuma conexão fundamental para a rotina clínica ecirúrgica. Aimpressãoem modelotridimensional (3D) tem ganhadovisibilidadeporalcançarsemelhanças entre o modelo real eo impresso. Esse trabalhoteve como objetivo produzir peçasanatômicas impressas 3D fiéis às peças reais dos ossos planos (escápula) e longos (úmero, rádio e ulna) do membro torácicode gatos. Ossos de gato doméstico pertencente ao acervo do Laboratório de Anatomia Macroscópica Veterinária da FMVZ-USP foramutilizados para obteras imagens escaneadas e impressões dos modelos 3D. As réplicas obtidas mostraram-se similares aos ossos reais quanto as particularidades anatômicas da espécie. Detalhes anatômicos da escápula, úmero, rádio e ulna foram obtidos de forma fidedigna. Além do mais, o presente estudo produziu modelos anatômica tridimensional digitais e impressos dos ossos planos e longos do membro torácico, que podem ser utilizados de forma interativa e dinâmica capazes de ser utilizadas a favor do ensino da anatomia comparada e aplicada. Palavras-chave: anatomia tridimensional; digitalização 3D; ensino da anatomia; medicina veterinária; modelos educacionais. How to cite: Elias N. S. R. , Pereira, H. C. S. , Lisboa Neto, A. F. S. , Silveira, E. E. , Santos, A. C, & Assis Neto, A. C. (2021). Bioprinting of 3D anatomical models of flat and long thoracic limb bones of domestic cats (Felis catus Linnaeus, 1758) . Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 43 , e106020. [https://doi.org/10.29374/2527-2179](https://doi.org/10.29374/2527-2179). bjvm106020 Received: July 04, 2019. Accepted: October 20, 2020. *Correspondence Antônio Chaves de Assis Neto Departamento de Cirurgia, Facu

FAQs

What was the purpose of this study on feline thoracic limb bones?

To produce 3D-printed anatomical models that faithfully replicate flat and long thoracic limb bones of domestic cats for interactive, dynamic educational use.

How were the 3D models created for the scapula, humerus, radius, and ulna?

Domestic cat bones from the FMVZ-USP Veterinary Macroscopic Anatomy Laboratory were scanned to obtain images, then used to produce the 3D models via printing.

What were the main outcomes regarding anatomical accuracy and teaching value?

The printed 3D models were similar to the real bones and reproduced species-specific anatomical particularities, enabling reliable visualization of scapula, humerus, radius, and ulna details for comparative and applied anatomy teaching.

Sep 8, 2026

Upload by Liam