An Automated Strabismus Classification Using Machine Learning Algorithm for Binocular Vision Management System - IEEE ICSECS 2023 论文摘要

Aug 5, 2026

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An automated strabismus classification system based on machine learning is designed to interpret binocular vision and assist diagnosis. Strabismus is a common cause of amblyopia, but line-based tests such as the RAF rule rely heavily on clinician expertise and are time-consuming, making misdiagnosis more likely, especially for inexperienced practitioners. To address these limitations, a case-based reasoning algorithm is developed and applied to classify strabismus types from frontal eye images. Experimental results show improved classification performance with reported accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score, demonstrating feasibility for more consistent support in medical diagnostic workflows.

LanguageEnglish

CategoryHealthcare

FormatPDF

Pages1

Reading Time3 min

AccessFree to download

Introduction

Strabismus and its clinical challenges

RAF rule diagnostic method

Related Problems in Diagnosis and Data Handling

Practitioner experience dependency

Limits of paper-based medical records

Proposed Machine Learning Approach

Case-based reasoning workflow

Experimental evaluation and performance metrics

An Automated Strabismus Classification Using Machine Learning Algorithm for Binocular Vision Management System 2023 IEEE 8th International Conference On Software Engineering and Computer Systems ( ICSECS) | 979-8-3503-1093-1/23/$31.00 ©2023 IEEE | DOI: 10. 1 109/ ICSECS58457. 2023. 10256291 Muhammad Amirul IsyrafRohismadi )DFXOW\ RI &RPSXWLQJ 8QLYHUVLWL 0DOD\VLD 3DKDQJ $O􀀐6XOWDQ $EGXOODK􀀏 26600 Pekan, Pahang, Malaysia Mohd. Hafidz Ithnin .XOOL\DK RI 0HGLFLQH,QWHUQDWLRQDO ,VODPLF 8QLYHUVLW\ 0DOD\VLD 25200 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia Anis Farihan Mat Raffei *)DFXOW\ RI &RPSXWLQJ 8QLYHUVLWL 0DOD\VLD 3DKDQJ $O􀀐6XOWDQ $EGXOODK􀀏 26600 Pekan, Pahang, Malaysia [anisfarihan@ump.edu.my](anisfarihan@ump.edu.my) Shah Farez Othman .XOOL\DK RI 0HGLFLQH,QWHUQDWLRQDO ,VODPLF 8QLYHUVLW\ 0DOD\VLD 25200 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia Nor Saradatul Akmar Zulkifli )DFXOW\ RI &RPSXWLQJ 8QLYHUVLWL 0DOD\VLD 3DKDQJ $O􀀐6XOWDQ $EGXOODK􀀏 26600 Pekan, Pahang, Malaysia $EVWUDFW² %LQRFXODU YLVLRQ LV D W\SH RI YLVLRQ WKDW DOORZV DQLQGLYLGXDO WR SHUFHLYH GHSWK DQG GLVWDQFH XVLQJ ERWK H\HV WR FUHDWH D VLQJOH LPDJH RI WKHLU HQYLURQPHQW􀀑 +RZHYHU􀀏 WKHUH LV DQ LOOQHVV FDOOHG VWUDELVPXV􀀏 ZKHUH LW LV GLIILFXOW IRU VRPH SHRSOH WRIRFXV RQ VHHLQJ WKLQJV FOHDUO\ DW D WLPH􀀑 7KHUH DUH PDQ\ GLDJQRVHV WKDW QHHG WR EH GRQH IRU GRFWRUV WR GLDJQRVH ZKHWKHUSDWLHQWV VXIIHU IURP VWUDELVPXV RU QRW􀀑 %HVLGHV􀀏 D QHZ SUDFWLWLRQHU FRXOG OHDG WR PLVGLDJQRVLV GXH WR ODFN RI SURIHVVLRQDO H[SHULHQFH DQG NQRZOHGJH􀀑 7R RYHUFRPH WKHVH OLPLWDWLRQV􀀏 D PDFKLQH OHDUQLQJ DOJRULWKP􀀏 ZKLFK LV D FDVH􀀐EDVHGUHDVRQLQJ􀀏 LV GHYHORSHG WR DXWRPDWH WKH VWUDELVPXV FODVVLILFDWLRQ􀀑 7KH UHVXOWV VKRZHG WKDW WKH FDVH􀀐EDVHG UHDVRQLQJ DOJRULWKP SURYLGHV 􀀜􀀔􀀑􀀛􀀈 DFFXUDF\􀀏 􀀛􀀜􀀑􀀕􀀜􀀈 SUHFLVLRQ􀀏 􀀜􀀕􀀑􀀘􀀜􀀈 UHFDOO DQG 􀀜􀀓􀀑􀀜􀀔􀀈 )􀀔􀀐6FRUH􀀑 7KLV VKRZV WKDW XVLQJ WKH FDVH􀀐 EDVHG UHDVRQLQJ DOJRULWKP FDQ JLYH EHWWHU SHUIRUPDQFH LQ FODVVLI\LQJ WKH FODVV􀀑 .H\ZRUGV² $FFRPPRGDWLYH DPSOLWXGH􀀏 VWUDELVPXV GLDJQRVLV􀀏 PDFKLQH OHDUQLQJ􀀏 FODVVLILFDWLRQ􀀏 FDVH􀀐EDVHG UHDVRQLQJ ,􀀑 ,1752'8&7,21 3HRSOH DUH QRUPDOO\ ERUQ ZLWK D SDLU RI H\HV WKDW HQDEOH WKHP WR VHH WKH ZRUOG􀀑 +RZHYHU􀀏 VRPH SHRSOH VXIIHU IURP H\H LOOQHVV WKDW PDNHV LW GLIILFXOW IRU WKHP WR IRFXV RQ VHHLQJ WKLQJVFOHDUO\ DW D WLPH􀀑 7KLV FRQGLWLRQ LV FDOOHG D VTXLQW RUVWUDELVPXV􀀏 ZKHUH WKH H\HV GR QRW DOLJQ SURSHUO\ DQG SRLQW LQGLIIHUHQW GLUHFWLRQ >􀀔@􀀑 6WUDELVPXV LV WKH PRVW FRPPRQ FDXVHRIDPEO\RSLD􀀏 ZKHUH ERWK H\HV GR QRW GHYHORS SURSHUO\ GXULQJFKLOGKRRG􀀑 ,I WKLV FRQGLWLRQ LV QRW WUHDWHG ZHOO􀀏 KH RU VKH ZLOOH[SHULHQFH YLVLRQ ORVV WKDW LV SHUPDQHQW DQG LUUHYHUVLEOH >􀀕@􀀏>􀀖@􀀑 )XUWKHUPRUH􀀏 VWUDELVPXV FDQ EH GLDJQRVHG WKURXJK VHYHUDOPHWKRGV􀀑 2QH RI WKH PHWKRGV LV HYDOXDWLQJ WKH DPSOLWXGH RIDFFRPPRGDWLRQ 􀀋$$􀀌􀀏 ZKLFK WKH PD[LPXP DPRXQW WKDW WKH H\HV FDQ IRFXV RQ DQ REMHFW DW YDULDQFH GLVWDQFHV >􀀗@􀀏 >􀀘@􀀑 7KLV PHWKRG DOVR NQRZQ DV D GLDJQRVWLF PHWKRG􀀑 7KH GLDJQRVWLF PHWKRG LV QRUPDOO\ SHUIRUPHG XVLQJ D GHYLFH FDOOHG D 5XOHUIRU $FFRPPRGDWLYH )XQFWLRQ 􀀋5$) UXOHU􀀌 >􀀙@􀀑 7KH 5$) UXOHULV D KDQG􀀐KHOG GHYLFH WKDW FRQVLVW RI D VHULHV RI OLQHV ZLWKGLIIHUHQW WKLFNQHVV DQG IRQW VL]H􀀑 7KH GHYLFH LV PRYHGWRZDUG RU DZD\ IURP WKH H\HV ZKLOH WKH SDWLHQW LV IL[DWLQJ D WDUJHW􀀏 XQWLO WKH SDWLHQW FDQ QR ORQJHU FOHDUO\ UHDG WKH OLQHV􀀑 7KH GLDJQRVWLF PHWKRG LV XVXDOO\ SHUIRUPHG IRU WKUHH UHSHWLWLRQV WR REWDLQ DFFXUDWH PHDVXUHPHQWV IRU HDFK H\H LQ GLRSWUHV 􀀋'􀀌􀀑 ,Q DGGLWLRQ􀀏 WKH GLDJQRVWLF PHWKRG LV JUHDWO\ GHSHQGHQW RQ SK\VLFLDQV¶ SURIHVVLRQDO H[SHULHQFH DQG NQRZOHGJH􀀏 ZKLFK VRPHWLPHV FDQ OHDG WR D PLVGLDJQRVLV HVSHFLDOO\ IRU D QHZ SUDFWLWLRQHU >􀀗@ DQG SURYLGLQJ DFFXUDWH DV ZHOO DV DFFHVVLEOH GLDJQRVHV LV D IXQGDPHQWDO FKDOOHQJH WR PHGLFDO GLDJQRVLV􀀑)XUWKHUPRUH􀀏 WKLV SURFHVV ZLOO DOVR WDNH ORQJHU EHFDXVH LW UHTXLUHV FRQILUPDWLRQ RI WKH GLDJQRVLV IURP D PRUHH[SHULHQFHG GRFWRU􀀑 7R RYHUFRPH WKLV VLWXDWLRQ􀀏 D PDFKLQHOHDUQLQJ KDV VKRZHG SURPLVHV LQ PHGLFDO GLDJQRVLV >􀀚􀀏 􀀛@􀀑 )RU WKH VWUDELVPXV FODVVLILFDWLRQ􀀏 RQO\ .LP HW DO􀀑 >􀀜@ SURSRVHG DFRQYROXWLRQDO QHXUDO QHWZRUN PRGHO WR FODVVLI\ W\SH RIVWUDELVPXV HLWKHU

FAQs

Why is strabismus diagnosis challenging in practice?

Diagnosis can depend strongly on clinicians’ experience when performing tests like the RAF rule, which is also time-consuming. These factors increase the risk of misdiagnosis, especially for less experienced practitioners.

What algorithm is used to automate strabismus classification?

A case-based reasoning algorithm with a case-based reasoning approach is developed to automate the strabismus classification task from image inputs.

What outcomes demonstrate the system’s effectiveness?

The reported results include accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score. The system shows better performance for classifying strabismus types compared with the baseline described in the study.

Aug 5, 2026

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