A Phenomenological Study: Ex-Offenders Perspectives in the Behavioral Management Under Therapeutic Community Modality Program (TCMP) - Research Article

Sep 21, 2026

Limited research examines behavior management perspectives among ex-offenders participating in the Therapeutic Community Modality Program (TCMP) in the Philippines, leaving unclear how participants experience behavioral change. This qualitative phenomenological study explores ex-offenders’ transformations and viewpoints within the TCMP of the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology. Semi-structured interviews with 10 ex-offenders (18–55) who had been reintegrated for at least six months in Cabuyao City, Laguna, informed thematic analysis. Despite stigma and obstacles, findings show resilience and meaningful behavioral change, improved interpersonal skills and reintegration well-being, supported by community programs and recommendations for after-care.

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CategoryResearch & Report

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Reading Time30 min

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1. Introduction

A Phenomenological Study: Ex-Offenders Perspectives in the Behavioral Management Under Therapeutic Community Modality Program (TCMP) Mervic A Cuasay 1*, Joan Bianca L Oandasan 2, Araceli B Paster 3 1 Master of Arts in Psychology (MA), Registered Psychometrician (RPm), Certified Human Resource Associate (CHRA), Graduate School, City ofCabuyao, Laguna, Philippines 2 Master of Arts in Psychology (MA), Graduate School, City ofCabuyao, Laguna, Philippines 3 Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), Graduate School, City ofCabuyao, Laguna, Philippines * Corresponding Author: Mervic A Cuasay Article Info ISSN (Online): 2582-7138 Impact Factor (RSIF): 8.04 Volume: 07 Issue: 05 Received: 03-07-2026 Accepted: 02-08-2026 Published: 01-09-2026 Page No: 241-252 Abstract Limited research exists on behavior management perspectives among ex-offenders participating in the Therapeutic Community Modality Program (TCMP) in the Philippines, creating gaps in our understanding of dynamics and their experiences. This study aims to explore the transformations and viewpoints of ex-offenders undergoing behavioral change within the TCMP of the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology utilizing key themes that emerged from the experiences and perspectives of ex-offenders. Employing a qualitative phenomenological approach, the research involved semi-structured interviews with 10 ex-offenders aged 18 to 55 years. These individuals had been previously incarcerated in a jail facility and had been reintegrated into society for a minimum of six months, currently residing in Cabuyao City, Laguna. Participants were selected through purposive and snowball sampling methods. Thematic analysis was utilized to interpret the experiences and behaviors of ex-offenders undergoing the Therapeutic Community Modality Program (TCMP) . Despite encountering societal stigma and personal obstacles, ex-offenders demonstrated resilience and determination in managing their behaviors toward successful reintegration into society. Based on findings, it indicates that behavior management under the TCMP has a significant impact on successful reintegration, behavioral change, and general well-being, as demonstrated by ex-offenders experiencesand perspectives in participating in the program. This study revealed that the Behavior Management Program has been effective in encouraging positive behavioral changes, such as improved interpersonal, decision-making, and conflict-resolution skills, as well as a commitment to lawful living. The findings emphasized the critical role of community support programs in sustaining these positive changes. Recommendations include the expanding of community-based support networks that provide ex-offenders with ongoing guidance, resources, and encouragement following their release. Further, the establishment of an After-Care and Transition Planning Framework is also significant to develop rehabilitation plans, vocational training opportunities, housing assistance, and access to mental health services to ensure a smooth and sustainable reintegration process for exoffenders. DOI: [https://doi.org/10.54660/.IJMRGE.2026.7.5.241-252](https://doi.org/10.54660/.IJMRGE.2026.7.5.241-252) Keywords: Behavior Management, Therapeutic Community Modality Program (TCMP), Persons Deprived of Liberty, Bureau of Jail Management and Penology (BJMP), Ex-Offenders 1. Introduction The Correctional System seems to be one of the main pillars of the Philippine Criminal Justice System (PCJS) that recognizes the importance of reformation and rehabilitation initiatives for reintegrating offenders into society. One correctional agency that oversees and controls all district, city, and municipal jails is the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology (BJMP) . The custody and jail orders ofthe PDLs are directly under the control of BJMP officers. They ensure that the protection of rights and adherence to bureau regulations of PDLs are balanced.“Role models and agents of

FAQs

What is the purpose of the study regarding TCMP participation?

The study aims to explore the transformations and perspectives of ex-offenders undergoing behavioral change within the TCMP under the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology.

How was the research conducted and who participated?

It used a qualitative phenomenological approach with semi-structured interviews of 10 ex-offenders aged 18 to 55, selected through purposive and snowball sampling. Participants had been reintegrated into society for a minimum of six months and resided in Cabuyao City, Laguna.

What effects of behavior management under TCMP were reported?

The findings indicate significant impact on successful reintegration, behavioral change, and general well-being. Reported improvements include interpersonal skills, decision-making, and conflict-resolution, along with commitment to lawful living.

Sep 21, 2026

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