A Comparative Study regarding Teachers’ Morale among Public and Private Schools at Secondary Level in Peshawar

Oct 15, 2026

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The study investigated factors affecting teachers’ morale in public and private secondary schools in Peshawar, KP Province. Data were collected from 30 teachers across three public and three private schools using a questionnaire with 18 morale-related items. Findings showed 75% of teachers reported very high morale and 80% were satisfied with their jobs, while teachers’ salary was identified as the main driver of low morale. Both sectors shared a similarly high morale level, with recommendations on awareness, recognition, and adjusted incentives.

LanguageEnglish

CategoryResearch & Report

FormatPDF

Pages14

Reading Time35 min

AccessFree to download

Introduction

Teachers’ morale: definitions and theoretical background

Factors influencing teacher morale and job satisfaction

Professional ethics, school climate, and commitment

Research design and findings

Data collection and questionnaire structure

Results on morale levels and job satisfaction

Main cause of low morale and conclusions

Recommendations

A Comparative Study regarding Teachers’ Morale among Public and Private Schools at Secondary Level in Peshawar Sajida Miraj *, Amjad Reba** and Jalal Ud Din** Abstract The study was designed to investigate the factors affecting teachers’ morale in public and private schools such as salary, working condition, job security, working hours, etc. Purpose of the study was to point out the factors that affect the professionalism and level of commitment with respect to teacher’s morale. Data for the study were collected from randomly selected six secondary schools in KP Province, University Town Peshawar, i.e. three public and three private schools. A sample of 30 teachers was selected from these schools, i.e. 15 teachers from each sector. Questionnaire was used as an instrument, which included 18 questions related to teacher morale. The researchers personally visited each school for the collection of data. It was a visible confirmation that strong leadership, coupled with clear guidelines, rules, consequences and loving support, were considered as key factors for raising teacher morale and improving school environment. The study found that 75% teachers’ morale was very high and 80% of teachers were satisfied with their job, while the issue of teachers’ salary was found to be the main cause of low morale. The study concluded that the teachers of both sectors have the same and high level of morale. It is recommended that teachers’ quality can be improved simply by creating an awareness and recognition of morale in these schools. Incentives for the teachers may be increased with the introduction of rewards and punishment. Keywords: Teacher morale, public, private, school *Ph.D Scholar, Institute of Education & Research University of Peshawar. Email: [sajdamairaj@yahoo.com](sajdamairaj@yahoo.com) **Assistant Professor, Institute of Education & Research University of Peshawar. Email: [amjadreba@uop.edu.pk](amjadreba@uop.edu.pk) ***Librarian, Institute of Education & Research University of Peshawar. Email: [jalal2000pk@yahoo.com](jalal2000pk@yahoo.com) Introduction Morale refers to principles, teachings, the mental and emotional condition of an individual or group with regard to the tasks at hand, a sense of common purpose with respect to a group, or the level of individual psychological well-being (Webster Dictionary, 2012) . It is very hard for teachers to gain job satisfaction or have highest morale for any task; component or activity of the job can afford slight value (Evans, 1998) . Work can be very interesting activity as people considered it to pick up the greatest part of the life. Some people considered it satisfactory; but for others it can be the cause of dissatisfaction (Herzberg, 1993) . Maslow (1970) hierarchy of needs theory offered some vital basis for understanding the platform or fundamentals of the morale of teachers. By Lunenburg (1996), Maslow found essential needs of humans; such as, physiological safety, selfactualization and social values. Similarly, at some point the needs organized from lower to higher are considered to be the fundamental needs of human beings and are influential factor as far as morale of a person is concerned: Physiological needs consist the essentials of water, food, oxygen, sleep, etc. ; security and safety necessities consist of physical safety, order, avoidance of nervousness, economic and job security; social necessities consist of belongingness need, recognition by others and friendship; Esteem needs include the need of administration, honor from others and self-respect and Selfactualization needs contain the wish to increase our power, capability and creativity (Whitaker, T., Whitaker, B., & Lumpa, D., 2000) . Parks (1983) stated that people need basics for life to preserve highest morale. These are motivational needs that include (a) they being free from economic worries (b) feeling accomplished about oneself, (c) having the capability to demonstrate one’sown crea

FAQs

What was the purpose of the study on teachers’ morale?

To identify factors affecting teachers’ morale in public and private secondary schools, including salary, working conditions, job security, and working hours, and to clarify how these relate to professionalism and commitment.

How was the data collected and from which schools?

Researchers visited randomly selected six secondary schools in KP Province (University Town, Peshawar): three public and three private. A sample of 30 teachers was taken (15 from each sector) using a questionnaire with 18 morale-related questions.

What did the study conclude about teachers’ morale in both sectors?

Teachers from both public and private schools had the same and high level of morale, with 75% reporting very high morale and 80% satisfied with their jobs.

Oct 15, 2026

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