[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-1-en-105":3,"doc-seo-253860-105":53,"doc-detail-253860-en":126},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,14,19,24,29,34,39,44,49],{"id":8,"doc_module":9,"doc_module_name":10,"category_name":11,"show_sort_weight":12,"slug":13},11,1,"Template","Presentations",90,"presentations",{"id":15,"doc_module":9,"doc_module_name":10,"category_name":16,"show_sort_weight":17,"slug":18},12,"Resumes",80,"resumes",{"id":20,"doc_module":9,"doc_module_name":10,"category_name":21,"show_sort_weight":22,"slug":23},14,"Invoices",70,"invoices",{"id":25,"doc_module":9,"doc_module_name":10,"category_name":26,"show_sort_weight":27,"slug":28},15,"Posters",60,"posters",{"id":30,"doc_module":9,"doc_module_name":10,"category_name":31,"show_sort_weight":32,"slug":33},16,"Social Media",50,"social-media",{"id":35,"doc_module":9,"doc_module_name":10,"category_name":36,"show_sort_weight":37,"slug":38},17,"Forms",40,"forms",{"id":40,"doc_module":9,"doc_module_name":10,"category_name":41,"show_sort_weight":42,"slug":43},18,"Letters",30,"letters",{"id":45,"doc_module":9,"doc_module_name":10,"category_name":46,"show_sort_weight":47,"slug":48},21,"Paper Templates",5,"papers-templates",{"id":50,"doc_module":9,"doc_module_name":10,"category_name":51,"show_sort_weight":4,"slug":52},158,"General","general-158",{"code":4,"msg":54,"data":55},"ok",{"site_id":56,"language":57,"slug":58,"title":59,"keywords":60,"description":61,"schema_data":62,"social_meta":119,"head_meta":121,"extra_data":123,"updated_unix":125},105,"en","twitter-as-research-data-tools-costs-skill-sets-and-lessons-learned","Twitter as Research Data - Tools, Costs, Skill Sets, and Lessons Learned","","Scholars increasingly use Twitter data to study life sciences and politics, but tool operation and claims of representativeness can create uncertainty. This report evaluates Twitter data collection tools by comparing costs, training requirements, and data quality against the ground truth of the full Twitter archive. Using COVID-19 and moral foundations theory as examples, it contrasts moral-discussion distributions from Twitter’s standard APIs and third-party access. Results emphasize assessing source comparability and summarize major updates in Twitter API version 2 for more reliable research.",{"@graph":63,"@context":118},[64,80,101],{"@type":65,"itemListElement":66},"BreadcrumbList",[67,71,74,77],{"item":68,"name":69,"@type":70,"position":9},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":72,"name":10,"@type":70,"position":73},"https://docshare.wps.com/template/",2,{"item":75,"name":11,"@type":70,"position":76},"https://docshare.wps.com/template/presentations/",3,{"item":78,"name":59,"@type":70,"position":79},"https://docshare.wps.com/template/twitter-as-research-data-tools-costs-skill-sets-and-lessons-learned/253860/",4,{"url":78,"name":59,"@type":81,"image":82,"author":87,"headline":59,"publisher":90,"fileFormat":93,"inLanguage":57,"description":61,"dateModified":94,"datePublished":95,"encodingFormat":93,"isAccessibleForFree":96,"interactionStatistic":97},"DigitalDocument",{"url":83,"@type":84,"width":85,"height":86},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/twitter-as-research-data-tools-costs-skill-sets-and-lessons-learned/253860.png","ImageObject",442,249,{"name":88,"@type":89},"Adam","Person",{"url":68,"name":91,"@type":92},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-01","2026-09-13",true,{"@type":98,"interactionType":99,"userInteractionCount":25},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":100},"ViewAction",{"@type":102,"mainEntity":103},"FAQPage",[104,110,114],{"name":105,"@type":106,"acceptedAnswer":107},"Why do researchers use Twitter data in life sciences and politics studies?","Question",{"text":108,"@type":109},"Twitter data offer multilevel, multifaceted tweet content and related elements such as mentions, retweets, and embedded URLs, supporting questions about topics, sentiments, and information sharing. The text also highlights Twitter’s role in public discourse and biopolitical research contexts.","Answer",{"name":111,"@type":106,"acceptedAnswer":112},"How does the report evaluate Twitter data collection tools?",{"text":113,"@type":109},"It evaluates tools in terms of costs, required training, and data quality. It compares distributions produced by tools against the ground truth of the full Twitter archive.",{"name":115,"@type":106,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What comparison examples are used to assess data quality?",{"text":117,"@type":109},"The report uses an example analysis combining COVID-19 with moral foundations theory. It compares moral-discussion distributions from Twitter’s standard APIs and third-party access to the full archive.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":78,"og:type":120,"og:title":59,"og:site_name":91,"og:description":61},"article",{"robots":122,"canonical":78},"index,follow",{"doc_id":124,"site_id":56},253860,1791730192,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":127},{"doc_id":124,"user_id":128,"nickname":88,"user_avatar":129,"doc_module":9,"category_id":8,"category_name":11,"doc_title":59,"doc_description":61,"doc_content":130,"file_id":131,"file_url":132,"file_type":133,"file_size":134,"view_count":25,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":9,"is_downloadable":9,"audit_status":9,"page_count":35,"language":135,"language_code":57,"site_id":56,"html_lang":57,"table_of_contents":136,"faqs":137,"seo_title":138,"seo_description":61,"update_tm":139,"read_time":140},1374404737137,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_155a257f0dc6eb9ab79c44ca47cae57d","Research Tool Report  \n\n| Twitter as research data\u003Cbr>Tools, costs, skill sets, and lessons learned |\n| --- |\n| Kaiping Chen , University of Wisconsin–Madison\u003Cbr>Zening Duan, University of Wisconsin–Madison\u003Cbr>Sijia Yang, University of Wisconsin–Madison |\n| ABSTRACT. Scholars increasingly use Twitter data to study the life sciences and politics. However, Twitter data collection tools often pose challenges for scholars who are unfamiliar with their operation. Equally important, although many tools indicate that they offer representative samples ofthe full Twitter archive, little is known about whether the samples are indeed representative of the targeted population of tweets. This article evaluates such tools in terms of costs, training, and data quality as a means to introduce Twitter data as a research tool. Further, using an analysis of COVID-19 and moral foundations theory as an example, we compared the distributions of moral discussions from two commonly used tools for accessing Twitter data (Twitter’s standard APIs and third-party access) to the ground truth, the Twitter full archive. Our results highlight the importance of assessing the comparability of data sources to improve confidence in findings based on Twitter data. We also review the major new features of Twitter’s API version 2.\u003Cbr>Key words: Twitter, data collection tools, skill sets, cost, data quality evaluation, computational social science |\n\nS  \nocial media is a major platform that people use to consume, share, and discuss information about scientific innovations and controversies (Brossard  \n& Scheufele, 2013) . Around one in five U.S. adults use Twitter, and 42% of those use it to discuss politics (Hughes & Wojcik, 2019) . Twitter has become a popular research site in recent years for studying issues at the intersection of the (life) sciences, politics, and policymaking. Many interesting problems have been investigated using Twitter data. For example, scholars have examined Twitter discourses on contentious science topics such as genetic modification technology (Singh et al., 2020; Wang & Guo, 2018) and the Zika virus (Wirz et al., 2018) .  \nBeyond providing a lens into public discourse, Twitter data allow researchers to investigate how such  \ndoi: 10.1017/pls.2021.19  \nCorrespondence: Kaiping Chen, Life Sciences Communication, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI. Email: [kchen67@wisc.edu](kchen67@wisc.edu)  \ndiscourse is affected by political ideology, the ruralurban divide, and education levels across regions in the United States (Wirz et al., 2021) . Twitter has also been used to study public health issues such as allergies, obesity, and insomnia; to track illness and risk behavior (Paul & Dredze, 2011); to monitor public perceptions of the H1NA pandemic (Chew & Eysenbach, 2010); and to communicate public health information (Vance et al., 2009) . In addition, Twitter has emerged as a battleground for politicians to promote agendas on science controversies and blame other political entities for public health issues. Scholars have shown that Twitter is an active platform that nongovernmental organizations and politicians use to shape public perceptions about climate change (Fownes et al., 2018) . During the COVID-19 pandemic, scholars found that the “China virus” stigma was perpetuated through Twitter (Budhwani & Sun, 2020) . These important scholarly works demonstrate the promise of using Twitter data for biopolitical research.  \n114 POLITICS AND THE LIFE SCIENCES • SPRING 2022 • VOL . 41, NO . 1  \nTwitter as research data: Tools, costs, skill sets, and lessons learned  \nFor biopolitical research, Twitter data are attractive because they are particularly multilevel and multifaceted. The most common data type is tweet content. Plain tweet text provides researchers with rich information, such as the distribution of sentiments and topics (Cody et al., 2015; Haunschild et al., 2019; Walter et al., 2020), personality traits or other individual characteristi","cbCaimd6TxrQXu8a","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaimd6TxrQXu8a","pdf",868729,"English","# Twitter as research data: Tools, costs, skill sets, and lessons learned\n## Twitter data as a research resource\n## Tools, costs, and skill sets\n## Data quality and tool comparison\n## Twitter API version 2 updates","[{\"question\":\"Why do researchers use Twitter data in life sciences and politics studies?\",\"answer\":\"Twitter data offer multilevel, multifaceted tweet content and related elements such as mentions, retweets, and embedded URLs, supporting questions about topics, sentiments, and information sharing. The text also highlights Twitter’s role in public discourse and biopolitical research contexts.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the report evaluate Twitter data collection tools?\",\"answer\":\"It evaluates tools in terms of costs, required training, and data quality. It compares distributions produced by tools against the ground truth of the full Twitter archive.\"},{\"question\":\"What comparison examples are used to assess data quality?\",\"answer\":\"The report uses an example analysis combining COVID-19 with moral foundations theory. It compares moral-discussion distributions from Twitter’s standard APIs and third-party access to the full archive.\"}]","Twitter as Research Data - Tools, Costs, Skill Sets, and Lessons Learned | PDF",1789271108,6]