[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-1-en-105":3,"doc-seo-301735-105":53,"doc-detail-301735-en":126},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,14,19,24,29,34,39,44,49],{"id":8,"doc_module":9,"doc_module_name":10,"category_name":11,"show_sort_weight":12,"slug":13},11,1,"Template","Presentations",90,"presentations",{"id":15,"doc_module":9,"doc_module_name":10,"category_name":16,"show_sort_weight":17,"slug":18},12,"Resumes",80,"resumes",{"id":20,"doc_module":9,"doc_module_name":10,"category_name":21,"show_sort_weight":22,"slug":23},14,"Invoices",70,"invoices",{"id":25,"doc_module":9,"doc_module_name":10,"category_name":26,"show_sort_weight":27,"slug":28},15,"Posters",60,"posters",{"id":30,"doc_module":9,"doc_module_name":10,"category_name":31,"show_sort_weight":32,"slug":33},16,"Social Media",50,"social-media",{"id":35,"doc_module":9,"doc_module_name":10,"category_name":36,"show_sort_weight":37,"slug":38},17,"Forms",40,"forms",{"id":40,"doc_module":9,"doc_module_name":10,"category_name":41,"show_sort_weight":42,"slug":43},18,"Letters",30,"letters",{"id":45,"doc_module":9,"doc_module_name":10,"category_name":46,"show_sort_weight":47,"slug":48},21,"Paper Templates",5,"papers-templates",{"id":50,"doc_module":9,"doc_module_name":10,"category_name":51,"show_sort_weight":4,"slug":52},158,"General","general-158",{"code":4,"msg":54,"data":55},"ok",{"site_id":56,"language":57,"slug":58,"title":59,"keywords":60,"description":61,"schema_data":62,"social_meta":119,"head_meta":121,"extra_data":123,"updated_unix":125},105,"en","towards-unlocking-the-narrative-of-the-united-states-income-tax-forms","Towards Unlocking the Narrative of the United States Income Tax Forms","","The study examines language patterns in highly formatted U.S. federal income tax forms and their associated schedules and worksheets, treating them as narrative-driven instructional documents. Content and form analyses focus on how tax filing purposes are supported, especially the extraction of executable arithmetic calculations and the determination of whether taxes are owed or overpaid to the IRS. The work evaluates how Plain Writing Act “clear and simple” goals are realized and identifies NLP strategies for representing and automatically executing word-problem calculations.",{"@graph":63,"@context":118},[64,80,101],{"@type":65,"itemListElement":66},"BreadcrumbList",[67,71,74,77],{"item":68,"name":69,"@type":70,"position":9},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":72,"name":10,"@type":70,"position":73},"https://docshare.wps.com/template/",2,{"item":75,"name":11,"@type":70,"position":76},"https://docshare.wps.com/template/presentations/",3,{"item":78,"name":59,"@type":70,"position":79},"https://docshare.wps.com/template/towards-unlocking-the-narrative-of-the-united-states-income-tax-forms/301735/",4,{"url":78,"name":59,"@type":81,"image":82,"author":87,"headline":59,"publisher":90,"fileFormat":93,"inLanguage":57,"description":61,"dateModified":94,"datePublished":95,"encodingFormat":93,"isAccessibleForFree":96,"interactionStatistic":97},"DigitalDocument",{"url":83,"@type":84,"width":85,"height":86},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/towards-unlocking-the-narrative-of-the-united-states-income-tax-forms/301735.png","ImageObject",442,249,{"name":88,"@type":89},"Fez","Person",{"url":68,"name":91,"@type":92},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-09-20","2026-09-19",true,{"@type":98,"interactionType":99,"userInteractionCount":73},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":100},"ViewAction",{"@type":102,"mainEntity":103},"FAQPage",[104,110,114],{"name":105,"@type":106,"acceptedAnswer":107},"What does “narratives” mean in this paper’s context of tax forms?","Question",{"text":108,"@type":109},"“Narratives” refers to accounts of ideas or connected events through oral or written communication. Here, tax forms are treated as embedded stories made of words, phrases, sentences, fragments, and tables.","Answer",{"name":111,"@type":106,"acceptedAnswer":112},"What is the paper’s approach to enabling NLP-based tax calculation?",{"text":113,"@type":109},"It describes preprocessing for detecting and labeling executable calculations in raw text, emphasizing feature-based classifications across the set of U.S. income-tax forms rather than document-by-document profiles.",{"name":115,"@type":106,"acceptedAnswer":116},"Why is the “clear and simple” Plain Writing Act relevant to the study?",{"text":117,"@type":109},"The paper uses it as a lens to examine whether “clear and simple” is achieved in tax forms’ language and whether it reduces semantic and syntactic ambiguities for comprehension and automated processing.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":78,"og:type":120,"og:title":59,"og:site_name":91,"og:description":61},"article",{"robots":122,"canonical":78},"index,follow",{"doc_id":124,"site_id":56},301735,1789785085,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":127},{"doc_id":124,"user_id":128,"nickname":88,"user_avatar":129,"doc_module":9,"category_id":8,"category_name":11,"doc_title":59,"doc_description":61,"doc_content":130,"file_id":131,"file_url":132,"file_type":133,"file_size":134,"view_count":73,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":9,"is_downloadable":9,"audit_status":9,"page_count":135,"language":136,"language_code":57,"site_id":56,"html_lang":57,"table_of_contents":137,"faqs":138,"seo_title":139,"seo_description":61,"update_tm":125,"read_time":76},2336478940794,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_9964176cb1d06d4a9deccf72a44ae3dc","Towards Unlocking the Narrative of the United States Income Tax Forms  \nEsme Manandise  \nIntuit Futures  \nMountain View, California, USA  \n[esme_manandise@intuit.com](esme_manandise@intuit.com)  \nAbstract  \nThe present study contributes to the literature on the language of the tax-andregulations domain in the context of highly-formatted tax forms published by a federal agency. Content and form analyses rely on a methodology that looks for meaning and patterns in connection to the main purpose of income tax filing, i.e.  \nfiguring out calculations to determine whether taxes were overpaid or owed to the United States Internal Revenue Service.  \nProfiling the income-tax forms by spelling out language regularities across the set has at least two advantages. Firstly, profiling contributes to the understanding of how the 2010 Plain Writing Act mandate of ‘clear and simple’ writing is being achieved—ifat all. Secondly, profiling a small, unannotated corpus can help determine the Natural Language Processing approach best fitted to extract, represent, and execute automatically tax calculations expressed as arithmetic word problems.  \n1 Introduction  \nThe term “narratives” refers to accounts of ideas or connected ‘events’, whether factual or not, through oral or written communication. Narrative understanding and qualitative content analysis are related tasks as they study the practices, beliefs, needs, and values of groups of individuals. Other than eliciting universal lamentation—independently of one’s moral view on the necessity of taxation for a civil society, the tax-and-regulations domain on the communication dimension is not popular with practitioners of discourse analysis, narrative exploration, or natural language automation. Narratives are stories and, to most, there isn’t much storytelling in the tax-and-regulations domain—though a 1040 tax-return form the size of a postcard made a good yarn.  \nIn the most literal sense, tax forms consist of embedded stories with words, phrases, sentences, fragments and tables through which run threads to output dollar amounts—as input to tax-form lines or as the final amount (refundable to taxpayer or owed to the Internal Revenue Service (IRS)) . Tax forms, and their associated schedules and worksheets, provide instructions and clarifications as well as prompt taxpayers for qualitative and quantitative personal information. In addition, distributed throughout a form and across forms, are arithmetic word problems of varying complexity. To solve them, filers must understand content and handle amounts as input  \n\n| Forms | Segments |\n| --- | --- |\n| F4868 | Late filing penalty is usually charged if your return is filed after the due date. The penalty is usually 5% of the amount due for each month or part of a month your return is late. The maximum penalty is 25% . If your return is more than 60 days late, the minimum penalty is $210 (adjusted for inflation) or the balance of the tax due on your return, whichever is smaller |\n| F8829 | Line C times line D divided by 12 times $5.00 times line E |\n| F1041 | If line 25 is larger than the total of lines 23 and 26, enter amount overpaid. |\n| F2441 | Add the amounts on lines 12 and 13 and subtract from that total the amount on line 14. |\n| F8941WKS | If the result is not a multiple of $1,000, round the result down to the next lowest multiple of $1,000 |\n| F8949 | Add the amounts in columns (d), (e), (g), and (h) (subtract negative amounts) |\n\nTable 1 : Calculations as Raw Text  \nto basic operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, percentage conversion, rounding) . Sometimes, to complete the calculation, they must make the arithmetic operation explicit. With stacked operations, they must apply the operations in their correct order. Consider the examples in Table 1 above.  \nTax forms are published by the IRS which, asa federal government agency, complies with the Plain Writing Act of 2010. The language in tax forms is supposedly ‘clear ","cbCaie2YwDdtkmZs","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaie2YwDdtkmZs","pdf",390219,9,"English","# Introduction\n# Related Work","[{\"question\":\"What does “narratives” mean in this paper’s context of tax forms?\",\"answer\":\"“Narratives” refers to accounts of ideas or connected events through oral or written communication. Here, tax forms are treated as embedded stories made of words, phrases, sentences, fragments, and tables.\"},{\"question\":\"What is the paper’s approach to enabling NLP-based tax calculation?\",\"answer\":\"It describes preprocessing for detecting and labeling executable calculations in raw text, emphasizing feature-based classifications across the set of U.S. income-tax forms rather than document-by-document profiles.\"},{\"question\":\"Why is the “clear and simple” Plain Writing Act relevant to the study?\",\"answer\":\"The paper uses it as a lens to examine whether “clear and simple” is achieved in tax forms’ language and whether it reduces semantic and syntactic ambiguities for comprehension and automated processing.\"}]","Towards Unlocking the Narrative of the United States Income Tax Forms | PDF"]