[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-1-en-105":3,"doc-seo-219431-105":53,"doc-detail-219431-en":127},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,14,19,24,29,34,39,44,49],{"id":8,"doc_module":9,"doc_module_name":10,"category_name":11,"show_sort_weight":12,"slug":13},11,1,"Template","Presentations",90,"presentations",{"id":15,"doc_module":9,"doc_module_name":10,"category_name":16,"show_sort_weight":17,"slug":18},12,"Resumes",80,"resumes",{"id":20,"doc_module":9,"doc_module_name":10,"category_name":21,"show_sort_weight":22,"slug":23},14,"Invoices",70,"invoices",{"id":25,"doc_module":9,"doc_module_name":10,"category_name":26,"show_sort_weight":27,"slug":28},15,"Posters",60,"posters",{"id":30,"doc_module":9,"doc_module_name":10,"category_name":31,"show_sort_weight":32,"slug":33},16,"Social Media",50,"social-media",{"id":35,"doc_module":9,"doc_module_name":10,"category_name":36,"show_sort_weight":37,"slug":38},17,"Forms",40,"forms",{"id":40,"doc_module":9,"doc_module_name":10,"category_name":41,"show_sort_weight":42,"slug":43},18,"Letters",30,"letters",{"id":45,"doc_module":9,"doc_module_name":10,"category_name":46,"show_sort_weight":47,"slug":48},21,"Paper Templates",5,"papers-templates",{"id":50,"doc_module":9,"doc_module_name":10,"category_name":51,"show_sort_weight":4,"slug":52},158,"General","general-158",{"code":4,"msg":54,"data":55},"ok",{"site_id":56,"language":57,"slug":58,"title":59,"keywords":60,"description":61,"schema_data":62,"social_meta":120,"head_meta":122,"extra_data":124,"updated_unix":126},105,"en","toward-a-better-understanding-of-open-ecosystems-implications-for-policymakers","Toward a Better Understanding of Open Ecosystems - Implications for Policymakers","","The paper examines open ecosystems in the context of platform business models and digital transformation, emphasizing that openness should be treated as a spectrum rather than a binary choice. It analyzes the value created for third-party developers, consumers, and the broader economy, alongside challenges such as coordination costs, fragmentation risk, and quality control difficulties. It further argues that centralized governance and control mechanisms support sustainable, effective ecosystem functioning, while offering policy implications amid emerging technologies like large language models, XR, and quantum computing.",{"@graph":63,"@context":119},[64,80,102],{"@type":65,"itemListElement":66},"BreadcrumbList",[67,71,74,77],{"item":68,"name":69,"@type":70,"position":9},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":72,"name":10,"@type":70,"position":73},"https://docshare.wps.com/template/",2,{"item":75,"name":51,"@type":70,"position":76},"https://docshare.wps.com/template/general/",3,{"item":78,"name":59,"@type":70,"position":79},"https://docshare.wps.com/template/toward-a-better-understanding-of-open-ecosystems-implications-for-policymakers/219431/",4,{"url":78,"name":59,"@type":81,"image":82,"author":87,"headline":59,"publisher":90,"fileFormat":93,"inLanguage":57,"description":61,"dateModified":94,"datePublished":95,"encodingFormat":93,"isAccessibleForFree":96,"interactionStatistic":97},"DigitalDocument",{"url":83,"@type":84,"width":85,"height":86},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/toward-a-better-understanding-of-open-ecosystems-implications-for-policymakers/219431.png","ImageObject",442,249,{"name":88,"@type":89},"supergirl","Person",{"url":68,"name":91,"@type":92},"DocShare","Organization","application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document","2026-09-27","2026-09-08",true,{"@type":98,"interactionType":99,"userInteractionCount":101},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":100},"ViewAction",6,{"@type":103,"mainEntity":104},"FAQPage",[105,111,115],{"name":106,"@type":107,"acceptedAnswer":108},"Why should ecosystem openness be viewed as a spectrum rather than a binary?","Question",{"text":109,"@type":110},"The paper argues that openness ranges from fully proprietary systems to fully open-source ones. Treating it as a spectrum helps policymakers balance openness with controlled governance structures.","Answer",{"name":112,"@type":107,"acceptedAnswer":113},"What benefits do open ecosystems provide?",{"text":114,"@type":110},"Open ecosystems create substantial value for third-party developers, consumers, and the economy. They enable innovation by lowering coordination barriers while supporting system integration.",{"name":116,"@type":107,"acceptedAnswer":117},"What governance mechanisms does the paper recommend for healthy open ecosystems?",{"text":118,"@type":110},"It emphasizes centralized governance and control measures to address trade-offs. Policymakers should also allow firms to experiment with varying openness levels and remain alert to negative externalities.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":78,"og:type":121,"og:title":59,"og:site_name":91,"og:description":61},"article",{"robots":123,"canonical":78},"index,follow",{"doc_id":125,"site_id":56},219431,1788867282,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":128},{"doc_id":125,"user_id":129,"nickname":88,"user_avatar":130,"doc_module":9,"category_id":50,"category_name":51,"doc_title":59,"doc_description":61,"doc_content":131,"file_id":132,"file_url":133,"file_type":134,"file_size":135,"view_count":101,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":9,"is_downloadable":9,"audit_status":9,"page_count":136,"language":137,"language_code":57,"site_id":56,"html_lang":57,"table_of_contents":138,"faqs":139,"seo_title":140,"seo_description":61,"update_tm":126,"read_time":15},962088121634,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_9964176cb1d06d4a9deccf72a44ae3dc","Toward a Better Understanding of Open Ecosystems:\nImplications for Policymakers*\nCarmelo Cennamo\nCopenhagen Business School\nSolbjerg Pl. 3, 2000 Frederiksberg, Denmark\ncce.si@cbs.dk\nFeng Zhu\nHarvard Business School\nBoston, MA 02163, USA\nfzhu@hbs.edu\nNovember 2023\nTable of Contents\n\u0003\u0013 TOC \\h \\u \\z \\t \"Heading 1,1,Heading 2,2,Heading 3,3,\"\u0014\u0013 HYPERLINK \\l \"_Toc150246339\" \u0014Introduction\t\u0013 PAGEREF _Toc150246339 \\h \u00143\u0015\u0015\n\u0013 HYPERLINK \\l \"_Toc150246340\" \u0014Defining Open Ecosystems\t\u0013 PAGEREF _Toc150246340 \\h \u00144\u0015\u0015\n\u0013 HYPERLINK \\l \"_Toc150246341\" \u0014Digital Ecosystems\t\u0013 PAGEREF _Toc150246341 \\h \u00144\u0015\u0015\n\u0013 HYPERLINK \\l \"_Toc150246342\" \u0014Open vs. Closed Systems\t\u0013 PAGEREF _Toc150246342 \\h \u00145\u0015\u0015\n\u0013 HYPERLINK \\l \"_Toc150246343\" \u0014Impact of Open Ecosystems\t\u0013 PAGEREF _Toc150246343 \\h \u00146\u0015\u0015\n\u0013 HYPERLINK \\l \"_Toc150246344\" \u0014Benefits of Open Ecosystems\t\u0013 PAGEREF _Toc150246344 \\h \u00146\u0015\u0015\n\u0013 HYPERLINK \\l \"_Toc150246345\" \u0014Drawbacks of Open Ecosystems\t\u0013 PAGEREF _Toc150246345 \\h \u001415\u0015\u0015\n\u0013 HYPERLINK \\l \"_Toc150246346\" \u0014Necessity of Control and Governance Measures\t\u0013 PAGEREF _Toc150246346 \\h \u001419\u0015\u0015\n\u0013 HYPERLINK \\l \"_Toc150246347\" \u0014Quality Assurance\t\u0013 PAGEREF _Toc150246347 \\h \u001419\u0015\u0015\n\u0013 HYPERLINK \\l \"_Toc150246348\" \u0014Community Coordination\t\u0013 PAGEREF _Toc150246348 \\h \u001420\u0015\u0015\n\u0013 HYPERLINK \\l \"_Toc150246349\" \u0014Sustainable Functioning\t\u0013 PAGEREF _Toc150246349 \\h \u001420\u0015\u0015\n\u0013 HYPERLINK \\l \"_Toc150246350\" \u0014Implications for Policymakers\t\u0013 PAGEREF _Toc150246350 \\h \u001421\u0015\u0015\n\u0013 HYPERLINK \\l \"_Toc150246351\" \u0014Recent Development of Regulations\t\u0013 PAGEREF _Toc150246351 \\h \u001421\u0015\u0015\n\u0013 HYPERLINK \\l \"_Toc150246352\" \u0014Embracing Ecosystem Openness as a Spectrum\t\u0013 PAGEREF _Toc150246352 \\h \u001421\u0015\u0015\n\u0013 HYPERLINK \\l \"_Toc150246353\" \u0014Fostering the Economic Benefits of Open Ecosystems\t\u0013 PAGEREF _Toc150246353 \\h \u001422\u0015\u0015\n\u0013 HYPERLINK \\l \"_Toc150246354\" \u0014Balancing Ecosystem Openness and Centralized Governance\t\u0013 PAGEREF _Toc150246354 \\h \u001423\u0015\u0015\n\u0013 HYPERLINK \\l \"_Toc150246355\" \u0014Overcoming Possible Biases Against More Open Ecosystems\t\u0013 PAGEREF _Toc150246355 \\h \u001424\u0015\u0015\n\u0013 HYPERLINK \\l \"_Toc150246356\" \u0014References\t\u0013 PAGEREF _Toc150246356 \\h \u001425\u0015\u0015\n\u0015\u0004\n* We gratefully acknowledge support from Google in funding this analysis. The views expressed here are solely our own. Professor Feng Zhu has provided consulting services to Meta and Microsoft in the past. \u000f\u001f\u001f\u001f\u001f\u001f\u001f\u001f\u001f\u001f\u001f\u001f\u001f\u001f\u001f\u001f\u001f\u001f\u001f\u001f\u001f\u001f\u001f\u001f\u001f\u001f\u001f\u001fExecutive Summary\nThe digital realm is undergoing a significant transformation, marked by the emergence of platform business models and the concept of open ecosystems. This paper delves into the intricate nature of ecosystem openness, underscoring the point that the openness of ecosystems must be understood more as a spectrum than a mere binary state. We then discuss the benefits and challenges associated with open ecosystems. The discussion also highlights the role of centralized governance to ensure ecosystems’ sustainable and effective functioning. Furthermore, we discuss our study’s implications in the context of emerging technologies such as large language models, XR, and quantum computing. We conclude by discussing the implications for policymakers.\nPoint 1: Embracing Ecosystem Openness as a Spectrum, Not a Binary Dimension\nCentral to our report is the understanding that ecosystem openness is not just an “open” or “closed” scenario. Instead, it spans a spectrum, from wholly proprietary systems to entirely open-source ones. By embracing this dynamic perspective, policymakers can cultivate an environment that strikes the optimal balance between open and controlled governance structures.\nPoint 2: Unveiling the Multifaceted Benefits and Challenges of Open Ecosystems\nOur analysis has unveiled that open ecosystems generate substantial value to third-party developers, consumers and our economy. Conversely, we highlight the challenges intrinsic to openness, like heightened coordination costs, potential ecosystem fragmentation, and difficulties with quality control. Grasping these nuances is pivotal for policymakers aiming to amplify open ecosystems’ positive effects while curbi","cbCaifoCeiErcX1K","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaifoCeiErcX1K","docx",108793,33,"English","# Introduction\n## Defining Open Ecosystems\n## Digital Ecosystems\n## Open vs. Closed Systems\n## Impact of Open Ecosystems\n## Benefits of Open Ecosystems\n## Drawbacks of Open Ecosystems\n## Necessity of Control and Governance Measures\n## Quality Assurance\n## Community Coordination\n## Sustainable Functioning\n## Implications for Policymakers\n## Recent Development of Regulations\n## Embracing Ecosystem Openness as a Spectrum\n## Fostering the Economic Benefits of Open Ecosystems\n## Balancing Ecosystem Openness and Centralized Governance\n## Overcoming Possible Biases Against More Open Ecosystems\n## References","[{\"question\":\"Why should ecosystem openness be viewed as a spectrum rather than a binary?\",\"answer\":\"The paper argues that openness ranges from fully proprietary systems to fully open-source ones. Treating it as a spectrum helps policymakers balance openness with controlled governance structures.\"},{\"question\":\"What benefits do open ecosystems provide?\",\"answer\":\"Open ecosystems create substantial value for third-party developers, consumers, and the economy. They enable innovation by lowering coordination barriers while supporting system integration.\"},{\"question\":\"What governance mechanisms does the paper recommend for healthy open ecosystems?\",\"answer\":\"It emphasizes centralized governance and control measures to address trade-offs. Policymakers should also allow firms to experiment with varying openness levels and remain alert to negative externalities.\"}]","Toward a Better Understanding of Open Ecosystems - Implications for Policymakers | DOCX"]