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It traces historical precedents and then analyzes concrete evidence from Dutch elections across major platforms, including Facebook, search engines, Twitter, Instagram, Reddit, and YouTube. Case studies cover hyperpartisan sources, troll-like accounts, fake content, and coordinated dissemination patterns, culminating in findings about mainstream media facing sustained pressure.",{"@graph":63,"@context":118},[64,80,101],{"@type":65,"itemListElement":66},"BreadcrumbList",[67,71,74,77],{"item":68,"name":69,"@type":70,"position":9},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":72,"name":10,"@type":70,"position":73},"https://docshare.wps.com/template/",2,{"item":75,"name":11,"@type":70,"position":76},"https://docshare.wps.com/template/presentations/",3,{"item":78,"name":59,"@type":70,"position":79},"https://docshare.wps.com/template/the-politics-of-social-media-manipulation-conclusion-mainstream-under-fire/565683/",4,{"url":78,"name":59,"@type":81,"image":82,"author":87,"headline":59,"publisher":90,"fileFormat":93,"inLanguage":57,"description":61,"dateModified":94,"datePublished":95,"encodingFormat":93,"isAccessibleForFree":96,"interactionStatistic":97},"DigitalDocument",{"url":83,"@type":84,"width":85,"height":86},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/the-politics-of-social-media-manipulation-conclusion-mainstream-under-fire/565683.png","ImageObject",442,249,{"name":88,"@type":89},"McQueen","Person",{"url":68,"name":91,"@type":92},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-24","2026-10-13",true,{"@type":98,"interactionType":99,"userInteractionCount":47},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":100},"ViewAction",{"@type":102,"mainEntity":103},"FAQPage",[104,110,114],{"name":105,"@type":106,"acceptedAnswer":107},"What does the report mean by “junk news” in the context of social media?","Question",{"text":108,"@type":109},"It treats “junk news” as a broader set of phenomena that includes disinformation and fake news, and can also cover clickbait, conspiracy narratives, and hyperpartisan political sources.","Answer",{"name":111,"@type":106,"acceptedAnswer":112},"How does the report explain the role of social media platforms in political manipulation?",{"text":113,"@type":109},"It argues that platforms facilitate the circulation of fabricated content and provide space for contentious commentators who can label mainstream media as fake news.",{"name":115,"@type":106,"acceptedAnswer":116},"Which Dutch election-related platforms are analyzed in the report?",{"text":117,"@type":109},"The report studies junk news and manipulation patterns on Facebook, search engines, Twitter, Instagram, Reddit, 4chan/pol/, and YouTube.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":78,"og:type":120,"og:title":59,"og:site_name":91,"og:description":61},"article",{"robots":122,"canonical":78},"index,follow",{"doc_id":124,"site_id":56},565683,1792337754,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":127},{"doc_id":124,"user_id":128,"nickname":88,"user_avatar":129,"doc_module":9,"category_id":8,"category_name":11,"doc_title":59,"doc_description":61,"doc_content":130,"file_id":131,"file_url":132,"file_type":133,"file_size":134,"view_count":47,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":9,"is_downloadable":9,"audit_status":9,"page_count":135,"language":136,"language_code":57,"site_id":56,"html_lang":57,"table_of_contents":137,"faqs":138,"seo_title":139,"seo_description":61,"update_tm":140,"read_time":141},5909890329169,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_9964176cb1d06d4a9deccf72a44ae3dc","POLITIEK EN SOCIALE MEDIA MANIPULATIE  \nTHE POLITICS OF SOCIAL MEDIA MANIPULATION  \nEdited by Richard Rogers and Sabine Niederer  \nThe Politics of Social Media Manipulation  \nEdited by Richard Rogers and Sabine Niederer  \nThe Politics of Social Media Manipulation Editors: Richard Rogers and Sabine Niederer  \nDesign: Federica Bardelli, Gabriele Colombo, and Carlo De Gaetano Digital Methods Initiative, Media Studies, University of Amsterdam © The authors, 2019.  \nThis research was commissioned by the Dutch Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations (BZK). The authors are responsible for all findings and conclusions presented in the report. The content does not necessarily reflect the views of the Minister of the Interior and Kingdom Relations.  \nDit onderzoek is uitgevoerd in opdracht van het Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en Koninkrijksrelaties. De verantwoordelijkheid voor de inhoud van het onderzoek berust bij de auteurs. De inhoud vormt niet per definitie een weergave van het standpunt van de Minister van Binnenlandse Zaken en Koninkrijksrelaties.  \nTable of contents  \nNederlandse samenvatting: Politiek en sociale media manipulatie 3  \n1. The politics of social media manipulation 14 Richard Rogers and Sabine Niederer  \n2. Junk news on Facebook during the 2019 Dutch elections 43 Stijn Peeters and Richard Rogers  \n3. Junk news in search engines: Exploring Google’s sensibility towards hyperpartisan sources during the Dutch elections 63 Guillén Torres and Richard Rogers  \n4. Twitter, junk news and troll-like users during the Dutch provincial and European elections 81 Sabine Niederer and Maarten Groen  \n5. The presence of fakeness in the Dutch political Instagram: Fake content, sources and followers 100 Gabriele Colombo and Carlo De Gaetano  \n6. Dutch junk news on Reddit and 4chan/pol/ 116 Sal Hagen and Emilija Jokubauskaite  \n7. Fake news and the Dutch YouTube political debate space 152 Marc Tuters  \n8. Conclusions: Mainstream under fire 167 Richard Rogers and Sabine Niederer  \nNederlandse samenvatting:  \nPOLITIEK EN SOCIALE MEDIA MANIPULATIE  \nPolitiek en sociale media manipulatie  \nSamenvatting  \nVan desinformatie en nepnieuws naar het bredere begrip junknieuws  \nDesinformatie en nepnieuws zijn hedendaagse fenomenen met een rijke historie. Desinformatie, of de opzettelijke introductie van foutieve informatie met het doel schade te berokkenen, kent verschillende recentelijke en historische voorbeelden van met name buitenlandse inmenging in nationale mediasystemen met als doel om verdeeldheid te zaaien. In de jaren 80 verspreidde de Russische campagne‘Operation Infektion’het gerucht dat het HIV-virus zou voortkomen uit lab-experimenten met biochemische wapens in de Verenigde Staten. Het verhaal werd opgepikt door gerenommeerde nieuwsmedia en zelfs in het avondjournaal uitgezonden.  \nTegenwoordig omvatten nationale medialandschappen ook globale sociale mediaplatforms zoals Twitter en Facebook. In 2018 werd bekend dat een trollenfabriek in Sint-Petersburg met denaam‘Internet Research Agency’actief desinformatie verspreidde over de MH17 ramp op sociale media. Waar een dataset met de twitterberichten (‘tweets’) die vanuit deze trollenfabriek werden verzonden destijds werd vrijgegeven om onderzoek te doen naar mogelijke inmenging inde Amerikaanse verkiezingen, bleken de trollen juist het actiefst te zijn geweest op de dag van ende twee dagen na het neerhalen van MH17, overigens hoofdzakelijk in het Russisch en slechts marginaal in het Nederlands (Noorda en van de Ven 2019) .  \nNepnieuws, ofwel gefingeerde verhalen in de gedaante van een nieuwsbericht, zien we door dejaren heen telkens verschijnen bij de introductie van nieuwe mediatechnologieën in de journalistiek, zoals bij de‘broadsheet’kranten van eeuwen geleden tot de meer recentelijk in de‘blogosphere’. De term nepnieuws kennen we ook als aantijging, waarbij nieuwsorganisatieswordt verweten nep-fake news-of zelfs leugenachtig te zijn- ‘der Lügenpresse’. Dit gebruik van de ter","cbCait4J41eatOWX","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCait4J41eatOWX","pdf",19954967,205,"English","# Table of contents\n## Nederlandse samenvatting: Politiek en sociale media manipulatie\n## 1. The politics of social media manipulation\n## 2. Junk news on Facebook during the 2019 Dutch elections\n## 3. Junk news in search engines\n## 4. Twitter, junk news and troll-like users\n## 5. The presence of fakeness in the Dutch political Instagram\n## 6. Dutch junk news on Reddit and 4chan/pol/\n## 7. Fake news and the Dutch YouTube political debate space\n## 8. Conclusions: Mainstream under fire","[{\"question\":\"What does the report mean by “junk news” in the context of social media?\",\"answer\":\"It treats “junk news” as a broader set of phenomena that includes disinformation and fake news, and can also cover clickbait, conspiracy narratives, and hyperpartisan political sources.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the report explain the role of social media platforms in political manipulation?\",\"answer\":\"It argues that platforms facilitate the circulation of fabricated content and provide space for contentious commentators who can label mainstream media as fake news.\"},{\"question\":\"Which Dutch election-related platforms are analyzed in the report?\",\"answer\":\"The report studies junk news and manipulation patterns on Facebook, search engines, Twitter, Instagram, Reddit, 4chan/pol/, and YouTube.\"}]","The Politics of Social Media Manipulation - Conclusion - Mainstream under fire | PDF",1791857156,72]