[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-seo-194720-105":3,"detail-sidebar-cat-1-en-105":80,"doc-detail-194720-en":126},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"ok",{"site_id":7,"language":8,"slug":9,"title":10,"keywords":11,"description":12,"schema_data":13,"social_meta":73,"head_meta":75,"extra_data":77,"updated_unix":79},105,"en","the-interplay-between-right-wing-alternative-media-mainstream-media-and-republican-political-elites-in-the-united-states","The Interplay between Right-Wing Alternative Media, Mainstream Media, and Republican Political Elites in the United States","","Study analyzes how congressional Republicans’ Twitter activity circulates news-related URLs across ideological media categories, using a dataset of 285,447 (re-)tweeted URLs collected from politicians’ full timelines via Twitter’s Academic API. URLs were expanded with urlExpander to recover full paths despite link shortening; when expansion failed, redirected domain names were retained. Domain-level analysis links 36,019 (re-)tweeted URLs to 34 media outlets spanning left-right ideological positions. Pew Research Center survey ratings guide categorization, including alternative right and established right.",{"@graph":14,"@context":72},[15,34,55],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/template/","Template",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/template/presentations/","Presentations",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/template/the-interplay-between-right-wing-alternative-media-mainstream-media-and-republican-political-elites-in-the-united-states/194720/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"image":36,"author":41,"headline":10,"publisher":44,"fileFormat":47,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":48,"datePublished":49,"encodingFormat":47,"isAccessibleForFree":50,"interactionStatistic":51},"DigitalDocument",{"url":37,"@type":38,"width":39,"height":40},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/the-interplay-between-right-wing-alternative-media-mainstream-media-and-republican-political-elites-in-the-united-states/194720.png","ImageObject",442,249,{"name":42,"@type":43},"Patrick","Person",{"url":19,"name":45,"@type":46},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-06","2026-09-03",true,{"@type":52,"interactionType":53,"userInteractionCount":33},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":54},"ViewAction",{"@type":56,"mainEntity":57},"FAQPage",[58,64,68],{"name":59,"@type":60,"acceptedAnswer":61},"How were Twitter URLs in the dataset collected?","Question",{"text":62,"@type":63},"The study queried Twitter’s Academic API for congressional Republicans’ full timelines and extracted all URLs contained in them.","Answer",{"name":65,"@type":60,"acceptedAnswer":66},"What methods were used when shortened or inactive URLs were encountered?",{"text":67,"@type":63},"Every URL was processed with urlExpander to expand shortened links; if a URL was inactive, full paths were unavailable, but redirect behavior often allowed recovery of the target domain name.",{"name":69,"@type":60,"acceptedAnswer":70},"How were media outlets assigned to ideological categories?",{"text":71,"@type":63},"Outlets were categorized using a Pew Research Center survey that maps national news outlets onto a left-right spectrum based on audience ideological profiles.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":32,"og:type":74,"og:title":10,"og:site_name":45,"og:description":12},"article",{"robots":76,"canonical":32},"index,follow",{"doc_id":78,"site_id":7},194720,1788442000,{"code":4,"msg":81,"data":82},"success",[83,87,92,97,102,107,112,117,122],{"id":84,"doc_module":22,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":29,"show_sort_weight":85,"slug":86},11,90,"presentations",{"id":88,"doc_module":22,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":89,"show_sort_weight":90,"slug":91},12,"Resumes",80,"resumes",{"id":93,"doc_module":22,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":94,"show_sort_weight":95,"slug":96},14,"Invoices",70,"invoices",{"id":98,"doc_module":22,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":99,"show_sort_weight":100,"slug":101},15,"Posters",60,"posters",{"id":103,"doc_module":22,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":104,"show_sort_weight":105,"slug":106},16,"Social Media",50,"social-media",{"id":108,"doc_module":22,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":109,"show_sort_weight":110,"slug":111},17,"Forms",40,"forms",{"id":113,"doc_module":22,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":114,"show_sort_weight":115,"slug":116},18,"Letters",30,"letters",{"id":118,"doc_module":22,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":119,"show_sort_weight":120,"slug":121},21,"Paper Templates",5,"papers-templates",{"id":123,"doc_module":22,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":124,"show_sort_weight":4,"slug":125},158,"General","general-158",{"code":4,"msg":81,"data":127},{"doc_id":78,"user_id":128,"nickname":42,"user_avatar":129,"doc_module":22,"category_id":84,"category_name":29,"doc_title":10,"doc_description":12,"doc_content":130,"file_id":131,"file_url":132,"file_type":133,"file_size":134,"view_count":33,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":22,"is_downloadable":22,"audit_status":22,"page_count":135,"language":136,"language_code":8,"site_id":7,"html_lang":8,"table_of_contents":137,"faqs":138,"seo_title":139,"seo_description":12,"update_tm":79,"read_time":140},549758146520,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/80002397d8c0411e94?_k=1775819394049821470","| Ideological Category | (Re-)tweeted URLs |\n| --- | --- |\n| alternative right | 1,173 |\n| established right | 12,788 |\n| left | 13,718 |\n| mixed | 8,340 |\n| The Twitter dataset contains 285,447 URLs (re-)tweeted by 377 congressional Republicans.1 To obtain these URLs, we queried Twitter’s Academic API for politicians’ full timelines and extracted all URLs within them. Due to Twitter’s practice of link shortening, we ran every URL through urlExpander in an attempt to obtain the full URL path. If the URL was no longer active, we were unable to obtain the full path. Nevertheless, we were often able to obtain at least the URL domain name since the server would redirect to another page on the website domain. By analyzing the domains of all URLs (i.e. , successfully expanded URLs as well as redirected URLs), we were able to associate 36,019 (re-)tweeted URLs with 34 media outlets spanning across the left to right (Appendix: Table A1) . The categorizations are based on a Pew Research Center survey, which places 30 national news outlets on a left-right spectrum according to the ideological profiles of their audiences (Jurkowitz et al. , 2020 , p. 43) . The original list is expanded to include outlets selected for this study and the right is divided into alternative right and established right. Table 1 presents the count of (re-)tweeted news outlet URLs grouped by ideological category.\u003Cbr>News-related URLs which were not from the 34 national outlets often covered regional news or specialized subcategories such as finance, business, and sports. In our exploratory analysis, regional news appeared most frequently. This is reasonable, as politicians in our dataset are expected to be attuned to the events of the |  |","cbCaiiaus28XeUHc","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiiaus28XeUHc","pdf",3711546,54,"English","# Dataset construction and URL expansion\n## Media-outlet domain association\n## Ideological categorization and outlet spectrum\n## URL counts by ideological category","[{\"question\":\"How were Twitter URLs in the dataset collected?\",\"answer\":\"The study queried Twitter’s Academic API for congressional Republicans’ full timelines and extracted all URLs contained in them.\"},{\"question\":\"What methods were used when shortened or inactive URLs were encountered?\",\"answer\":\"Every URL was processed with urlExpander to expand shortened links; if a URL was inactive, full paths were unavailable, but redirect behavior often allowed recovery of the target domain name.\"},{\"question\":\"How were media outlets assigned to ideological categories?\",\"answer\":\"Outlets were categorized using a Pew Research Center survey that maps national news outlets onto a left-right spectrum based on audience ideological profiles.\"}]","The Interplay between Right-Wing Alternative Media, Mainstream Media, and Republican Political Elites in the United States | PDF",19]