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Using data from 10 unplanned settlements in New Delhi, it shows how state politics and interventions create differentiated citizenship and produce starkly uneven access to basic services, shaping a local field of exclusion grounded in India’s institutional setting.",{"@graph":14,"@context":73},[15,34,56],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/template/","Template",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/template/presentations/","Presentations",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/template/the-exclusion-field-politics-institutions-and-inequality-in-an-indian-city/174893/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"image":36,"author":41,"headline":10,"publisher":44,"fileFormat":47,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":48,"datePublished":49,"encodingFormat":47,"isAccessibleForFree":50,"interactionStatistic":51},"DigitalDocument",{"url":37,"@type":38,"width":39,"height":40},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/the-exclusion-field-politics-institutions-and-inequality-in-an-indian-city/174893.png","ImageObject",442,249,{"name":42,"@type":43},"\tWilliam","Person",{"url":19,"name":45,"@type":46},"DocShare","Organization","application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document","2026-10-21","2026-09-02",true,{"@type":52,"interactionType":53,"userInteractionCount":55},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":54},"ViewAction",8,{"@type":57,"mainEntity":58},"FAQPage",[59,65,69],{"name":60,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":62},"What problem does the paper address?","Question",{"text":63,"@type":64},"It examines growing social polarization and urban inequality in Indian cities, focusing on how exclusion is produced and experienced at the local level.","Answer",{"name":66,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":67},"What framework does the paper propose?",{"text":68,"@type":64},"It shifts attention from structural or class-analytic accounts toward the actual practices of exclusion carried out through state politics and interventions.",{"name":70,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":71},"How does the paper support its argument?",{"text":72,"@type":64},"It uses data collected from 10 unplanned settlements in New Delhi to show how differentiated citizenship emerges and how basic services are distributed unevenly.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":32,"og:type":75,"og:title":10,"og:site_name":45,"og:description":12},"article",{"robots":77,"canonical":32},"index,follow",{"doc_id":79,"site_id":7},174893,1788317204,{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":83},"success",[84,88,93,98,103,108,113,118,123],{"id":85,"doc_module":22,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":29,"show_sort_weight":86,"slug":87},11,90,"presentations",{"id":89,"doc_module":22,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":90,"show_sort_weight":91,"slug":92},12,"Resumes",80,"resumes",{"id":94,"doc_module":22,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":95,"show_sort_weight":96,"slug":97},14,"Invoices",70,"invoices",{"id":99,"doc_module":22,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":100,"show_sort_weight":101,"slug":102},15,"Posters",60,"posters",{"id":104,"doc_module":22,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":105,"show_sort_weight":106,"slug":107},16,"Social Media",50,"social-media",{"id":109,"doc_module":22,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":110,"show_sort_weight":111,"slug":112},17,"Forms",40,"forms",{"id":114,"doc_module":22,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":115,"show_sort_weight":116,"slug":117},18,"Letters",30,"letters",{"id":119,"doc_module":22,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":120,"show_sort_weight":121,"slug":122},21,"Paper Templates",5,"papers-templates",{"id":124,"doc_module":22,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":125,"show_sort_weight":4,"slug":126},158,"General","general-158",{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":128},{"doc_id":79,"user_id":129,"nickname":42,"user_avatar":130,"doc_module":22,"category_id":85,"category_name":29,"doc_title":10,"doc_description":12,"doc_content":131,"file_id":132,"file_url":133,"file_type":134,"file_size":135,"view_count":55,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":22,"is_downloadable":22,"audit_status":22,"page_count":136,"language":137,"language_code":8,"site_id":7,"html_lang":8,"table_of_contents":138,"faqs":139,"seo_title":140,"seo_description":12,"update_tm":80,"read_time":99},5909887254083,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_276721f389ce27ea32af1340a28f341c","The Exclusion Field:\nPolitics, Institutions and Inequality in an Indian City\n***  DRAFT – DRAFT – DRAFT  ****\nPatrick Heller\nBrown University\nDecember 1, 2015\nThe problem of growing social polarization in cities of the global south is now widely recognized but poorly understood.  Structural accounts that link increasing inequality to globalization or more class-analytic accounts exemplified by the urban regime literature provide at best only partial explanations.  Instead, drawing on the sociological literature on segregation in the US, I argue for a framework that focuses on actual practices of exclusion.  Using data collected from 10 “unplanned settlements” in New Delhi I show how state politics and interventions have produced a system of differentiated citizenship that manifests itself in the highly uneven distribution of basic services.  Taken together, these practices constitute a field of exclusion, one that is shaped primarily by the particular political and institutional nature of the local Indian state.\n\u000f\nIntroduction\nAs critical sites of national or global accumulation, cities have always encapsulated the central social contradictions of modern capitalism.  There are two senses in which the urban heightens social tensions.  First, the defining dynamic of the urban space is the hyper-commodification of land.  Population density coupled with increasing monetary returns brings the use value and the exchange value of land into direct confrontation (Logan and Molotch 1988).   Second, cities are social settings in which traditional dependencies and identities are loosened and relatively greater associational freedom prevails.  This in turn implies greater mobilizational capacity for all social groups and brings distributional conflicts to the forefront.\nIn the Global South, these social tensions are amplified by the timing and global context of urbanization.  In Europe the problem of absorbing surplus urban populations that accompanied accelerated industrialization in the 19th century was in part mitigated by massive out-migration (Davis 2006).  With the increased restriction on the international mobility of low-skilled labor that has marked the post-colonial period, this outsourcing option does not exist for the cities of the global South.  Yet the pace of urbanization remains relentless.  Between 2000 and 2012 the urban population in developing regions grew by 704 million (UN 2013:150).  Moreover, the neo-liberal era of globalization has seen a dramatic ratcheting up of land values putting enormous pressure on urban space. The double challenge of increasing demand for urban land by people and by capital presents not only a formidable challenge to governance, but also to the very legitimacy of democratic rule.  The “urban question” looms as the critical test of the state’s developmental capacity and the future of democratic development in the Global South (Heller and Evans 2010).  Nowhere is this more so true than in India.\nOver the past two decades, India’s magacites have been the drivers of its economic transformation. In 2011, the 100 largest cities accounted for 16% of India’s population but 43% of national GDP (IIHS 2011:11).  Mukhopadhyay (2012) estimates that 49% of the Indians who meet the international definition of the “middle class” are located in cities of more than 1 million.  Foreign direct investment has flowed disproportionately to major cities and their urban regions (Shaw, 2012:42).  Overall poverty levels are much lower in urban India than rural India, but there is clear evidence that the recent spurt of urban growth has had disappointing effects on poverty (Weiskopf 2011; Grant and Nijman 2002).  Delhi, the wealthiest city in the country, has seen the real wages of the poorest quintile decline and is the only state where the HDI fell in 1999-2007.  Income disparities moreover often miss even more intractable problems of precarity and social exclusion.  There is clear evidence that informality of work i","cbCaitVi7RVkmWwH","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaitVi7RVkmWwH","docx",121660,44,"English","# Introduction\n## Explaining urban inequality","[{\"question\":\"What problem does the paper address?\",\"answer\":\"It examines growing social polarization and urban inequality in Indian cities, focusing on how exclusion is produced and experienced at the local level.\"},{\"question\":\"What framework does the paper propose?\",\"answer\":\"It shifts attention from structural or class-analytic accounts toward the actual practices of exclusion carried out through state politics and interventions.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the paper support its argument?\",\"answer\":\"It uses data collected from 10 unplanned settlements in New Delhi to show how differentiated citizenship emerges and how basic services are distributed unevenly.\"}]","The Exclusion Field - Politics, Institutions and Inequality in an Indian City | DOCX"]