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Reviews physical versus logical topology, LAN and WAN definitions, and common WAN/LAN technologies. Summarizes the OSI model layers with example protocols and PDU names, then lists essential TCP and UDP protocols with port numbers. Explains IP addressing, DNS mapping, IPv4/IPv6 formats, address classes and default masks, private ranges, and subnetting and IPv6 addressing and transition ideas.",{"@graph":63,"@context":118},[64,80,101],{"@type":65,"itemListElement":66},"BreadcrumbList",[67,71,74,77],{"item":68,"name":69,"@type":70,"position":9},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":72,"name":10,"@type":70,"position":73},"https://docshare.wps.com/template/",2,{"item":75,"name":11,"@type":70,"position":76},"https://docshare.wps.com/template/presentations/",3,{"item":78,"name":59,"@type":70,"position":79},"https://docshare.wps.com/template/the-ccna-cram-sheet-network-fundamentals/574143/",4,{"url":78,"name":59,"@type":81,"image":82,"author":87,"headline":59,"publisher":90,"fileFormat":93,"inLanguage":57,"description":61,"dateModified":94,"datePublished":95,"encodingFormat":93,"isAccessibleForFree":96,"interactionStatistic":97},"DigitalDocument",{"url":83,"@type":84,"width":85,"height":86},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/the-ccna-cram-sheet-network-fundamentals/574143.png","ImageObject",442,249,{"name":88,"@type":89},"Aria Callaghan","Person",{"url":68,"name":91,"@type":92},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-15","2026-10-14",true,{"@type":98,"interactionType":99,"userInteractionCount":76},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":100},"ViewAction",{"@type":102,"mainEntity":103},"FAQPage",[104,110,114],{"name":105,"@type":106,"acceptedAnswer":107},"What topics does the CCNA cram sheet focus on for ICND1 exam review?","Question",{"text":108,"@type":109},"It covers networking fundamentals, OSI model layers, key TCP and UDP protocols with port numbers, and IP addressing concepts including IPv4, IPv6, and subnetting.","Answer",{"name":111,"@type":106,"acceptedAnswer":112},"How do physical topology and logical topology differ?",{"text":113,"@type":109},"Physical topology describes the layout of physical components, while logical topology communicates how data flows through the network.",{"name":115,"@type":106,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How does subnetting work according to the document?",{"text":117,"@type":109},"Subnetting reallocates host IP bits for subnetwork addressing, using formulas to determine the number of subnets and the number of usable hosts per subnet, and VLSM uses different mask lengths to avoid wasting addresses.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":78,"og:type":120,"og:title":59,"og:site_name":91,"og:description":61},"article",{"robots":122,"canonical":78},"index,follow",{"doc_id":124,"site_id":56},574143,1792033321,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":127},{"doc_id":124,"user_id":128,"nickname":88,"user_avatar":129,"doc_module":9,"category_id":8,"category_name":11,"doc_title":59,"doc_description":61,"doc_content":130,"file_id":131,"file_url":132,"file_type":133,"file_size":134,"view_count":76,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":9,"is_downloadable":9,"audit_status":9,"page_count":73,"language":135,"language_code":57,"site_id":56,"html_lang":57,"table_of_contents":136,"faqs":137,"seo_title":138,"seo_description":61,"update_tm":139,"read_time":9},962084926284,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_29158cc5080c5b710cf443261637dec0",". .  \nThe CCNA Cram Sheet  \nThis Cram Sheet contains key facts about the ICND1 exam. Review this information as the last thing you do before you enter the testing center, paying special attention to those areas in which you think that you need the most review. You can transfer any of these facts from your head onto a blank sheet of paper immediately before you begin the exam.  \nNetworking Fundamentals  \nPhysical components for a network include hosts, connections, switches, and routers. Physical topology describes the layout of the physical components. A logical topology communicateshow the data flows through the network.  \nA local-area network (LAN) is a geographically close in proximity, high-speed network. A widearea network (WAN) is a network that is using third-party services (such as an service provider) to connect devices over large geographic areas. A WAN is a collection of LANs connected over along distance (farther than the LAN could provide) .  \nWAN technologies include dedicated leased lines, which are a dedicated point-to-point connection that can use Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) or High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC) . Packetswitched connections share the bandwidth with other logical circuits, such as with Frame Relay. High-speed LANs typically use Ethernet in full duplex, using switches that operate at Layer 2. Routers operate logically at Layer 3.  \nNetwork Models  \n\n|  OSI MODEL  |  |  |  |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Layer | Name | Protocols and Devices | PDU Name |\n| 7 | Application | FTP, Telnet, TFTP, SMTP, SNMP, DNS, [HTTP](HTTP) | Data |\n| 6 | Presentation | ASCII, .jpg, .doc | Data |\n| 5 | Session | Establishment and teardown of logical sessions | Data |\n| 4 | Transport | TCP: Connection oriented, reliable\u003Cbr>UDP: Connectionless, unreliable, uses upper layer protocols | Segment |\n| 3 | Network | IP, routing and path determination, logical addressing Routers | Packet |\n| 2 | Data Link | Ethernet, Frame Relay, PPP, HDLC, MAC addresses Switches | Frame |\n| 1 | Physical | Bits transmitted on media\u003Cbr>Hubs, repeaters | Bits |\n\n\n| TCP | A | ND UDP |  |  |  |  |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Know the following protocols and port numbers: |  |  |  |  |  |  |\n| TCP |  |  | UDP |  |  |  |\n| FTP |  | 20, 21 | DNS | 53 |  |  |\n| Telnet |  | 23 | DHCP | 67, 68 |  |  |\n| SMTP |  | 25 | TFTP | 69 |  |  |\n| DNS |  | 53 | NTP | 123 |  |  |\n| [HTTP](HTTP) |  | 80 | SNMP | 161 |  |  |\n| POP |  | 110 |  |  |  |  |\n| NNTP |  | 119 |  |  |  |  |\n| [HTTPS](HTTPS) |  | 443 |  |  |  |  |\n\nConcepts in IP Addressing  \nIP is a Layer 3 media-independent connectionless protocol. Every device that is connected to the network must have a unique IP address. An IP address has two major parts: the network and the host portions.  \nDomain Name System (DNS) is used to map friendly names to the actual IP addresses associated with those names.  \nIPv4 uses a 32-bit number represented as four octets separated by periods, called dotteddecimal. IPv6 uses 128-bit numbers represented in eight groups of four hexadecimal characters each, separated by colons. Both IPv4 and IPv6 use a mask to identify how many bits going from left to right are being used to identify the network. Bits not used to identify the network are used to identify hosts on that specific network. A default gateway is required to send a packet out of a local network.  \n\n| IPV4 | A | DDRESS CLASS | A | ND | RANGE |  |  |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Class |  | High-Order Bits |  |  | First Octet Range |  |  |\n| A |  | 0 |  |  | 1–126 |  |  |\n| B |  | 10 |  |  | 128–191 |  |  |\n| C |  | 110 |  |  | 192–223 |  |  |\n| D |  | 1110 |  |  | 224–239 |  |  |\n| E |  | 11110 |  |  | 240–255 |  |  |\n\n\n| IPV | 4 A | DDRESS CLASS | AND DEFAULT | MASKS |  |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Class |  | Default Mask |  |  |  |\n| A |  | [255.0.0.0](255.0.0.0) |  |  |  |\n| B |  | [255.255.0.0](255.255.0.0) |  |  |  |\n| C |  | [255.255.255.0](255.255.255.0","cbCaikmPlJhFvCIp","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaikmPlJhFvCIp","pdf",226924,"English","# The CCNA Cram Sheet\n## Networking Fundamentals\n## Network Models (OSI)\n## TCP/UDP Protocols and Port Numbers\n## Concepts in IP Addressing\n## IPv4 Address Classes, Masks, and Private Ranges\n## Subnetting and VLSM\n## IPv6 Addressing and Transition Strategies","[{\"question\":\"What topics does the CCNA cram sheet focus on for ICND1 exam review?\",\"answer\":\"It covers networking fundamentals, OSI model layers, key TCP and UDP protocols with port numbers, and IP addressing concepts including IPv4, IPv6, and subnetting.\"},{\"question\":\"How do physical topology and logical topology differ?\",\"answer\":\"Physical topology describes the layout of physical components, while logical topology communicates how data flows through the network.\"},{\"question\":\"How does subnetting work according to the document?\",\"answer\":\"Subnetting reallocates host IP bits for subnetwork addressing, using formulas to determine the number of subnets and the number of usable hosts per subnet, and VLSM uses different mask lengths to avoid wasting addresses.\"}]","The CCNA Cram Sheet - Network Fundamentals | PDF",1791983256]