[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-1-en-105":3,"doc-seo-571967-105":53,"doc-detail-571967-en":120},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,14,19,24,29,34,39,44,49],{"id":8,"doc_module":9,"doc_module_name":10,"category_name":11,"show_sort_weight":12,"slug":13},11,1,"Template","Presentations",90,"presentations",{"id":15,"doc_module":9,"doc_module_name":10,"category_name":16,"show_sort_weight":17,"slug":18},12,"Resumes",80,"resumes",{"id":20,"doc_module":9,"doc_module_name":10,"category_name":21,"show_sort_weight":22,"slug":23},14,"Invoices",70,"invoices",{"id":25,"doc_module":9,"doc_module_name":10,"category_name":26,"show_sort_weight":27,"slug":28},15,"Posters",60,"posters",{"id":30,"doc_module":9,"doc_module_name":10,"category_name":31,"show_sort_weight":32,"slug":33},16,"Social Media",50,"social-media",{"id":35,"doc_module":9,"doc_module_name":10,"category_name":36,"show_sort_weight":37,"slug":38},17,"Forms",40,"forms",{"id":40,"doc_module":9,"doc_module_name":10,"category_name":41,"show_sort_weight":42,"slug":43},18,"Letters",30,"letters",{"id":45,"doc_module":9,"doc_module_name":10,"category_name":46,"show_sort_weight":47,"slug":48},21,"Paper Templates",5,"papers-templates",{"id":50,"doc_module":9,"doc_module_name":10,"category_name":51,"show_sort_weight":4,"slug":52},158,"General","general-158",{"code":4,"msg":54,"data":55},"ok",{"site_id":56,"language":57,"slug":58,"title":59,"keywords":60,"description":61,"schema_data":62,"social_meta":113,"head_meta":115,"extra_data":117,"updated_unix":119},105,"en","surveying-final-exam-sheet-module-notes","Surveying Final Exam Sheet - Module Notes","","Surveying final exam cheat sheet covering core concepts of surveying, geomatics, and geosensing, including horizontal and vertical reference systems, key angle definitions, and field-note quality criteria. Includes Module 1 topics on significant figures, instrumentation, sources of errors (blunders, systematic, random), and accuracy versus precision with residuals and RMSE-based measures. Module 2 leveling concepts outline datums, elevation, refractive effects, and instrument types. Module 6 adds lidar and laser safety parameters, then focuses on cadastral surveying, land tenure, and property description methods (metes and bounds, block and lot, coordinates, PLSS).",{"@graph":63,"@context":112},[64,80,95],{"@type":65,"itemListElement":66},"BreadcrumbList",[67,71,74,77],{"item":68,"name":69,"@type":70,"position":9},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":72,"name":10,"@type":70,"position":73},"https://docshare.wps.com/template/",2,{"item":75,"name":36,"@type":70,"position":76},"https://docshare.wps.com/template/forms/",3,{"item":78,"name":59,"@type":70,"position":79},"https://docshare.wps.com/template/surveying-final-exam-sheet-module-notes/571967/",4,{"url":78,"name":59,"@type":81,"author":82,"headline":59,"publisher":85,"fileFormat":88,"inLanguage":57,"description":61,"dateModified":89,"datePublished":89,"encodingFormat":88,"isAccessibleForFree":90,"interactionStatistic":91},"DigitalDocument",{"name":83,"@type":84},"asda1da","Person",{"url":68,"name":86,"@type":87},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-13",true,{"@type":92,"interactionType":93,"userInteractionCount":4},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":94},"ViewAction",{"@type":96,"mainEntity":97},"FAQPage",[98,104,108],{"name":99,"@type":100,"acceptedAnswer":101},"What are the main components used to describe land tenure in cadastral surveying?","Question",{"text":102,"@type":103},"Land tenure is framed by the method of transferring ownership (title via deeds), permanently marked boundaries, official ownership records, and an official legal description.","Answer",{"name":105,"@type":100,"acceptedAnswer":106},"How do accuracy and precision differ in surveying observations?",{"text":107,"@type":103},"Accuracy describes nearness to the true value and is tied to random error, while precision reflects consistency across observations and may still contain systematic error.",{"name":109,"@type":100,"acceptedAnswer":110},"What are the three major sources/types of surveying errors listed in the notes?",{"text":111,"@type":103},"The notes categorize errors into natural, instrumental, and personal, then further distinguish blunders (gross errors), systematic errors (correctable by physical/geometric law), and random errors (uncorrectable or not modelable).","https://schema.org",{"og:url":78,"og:type":114,"og:title":59,"og:site_name":86,"og:description":61},"article",{"robots":116,"canonical":78},"index,follow",{"doc_id":118,"site_id":56},571967,1791924791,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":121},{"doc_id":118,"user_id":122,"nickname":83,"user_avatar":123,"doc_module":9,"category_id":35,"category_name":36,"doc_title":59,"doc_description":61,"doc_content":124,"file_id":125,"file_url":126,"file_type":127,"file_size":128,"view_count":4,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":9,"is_downloadable":9,"audit_status":9,"page_count":76,"language":129,"language_code":57,"site_id":56,"html_lang":57,"table_of_contents":130,"faqs":131,"seo_title":132,"seo_description":61,"update_tm":119,"read_time":9},3985747861852,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_155a257f0dc6eb9ab79c44ca47cae57d","Introduction  \nWhat is surveying?Collection , processing & management of spacial information  \nWhy is it important?Land ownership , engineering , mining , marine navigation , mapping ,etc.  \nWhat is geomatics?Study of Earth  \nWhat is geosensing?meas‐ urement of the Earth from  \nremote , moving platforms  \nTo define a horizontal plane: vertical axis matches gravity vector. Plane tangent to level surface. Long distances you can't use earth as a plane , need to account for the curvature  \nthe vertical rate of change is higher than horizontal  \nvertical/elevation angle: angle toa point with respect to horizontal plane  \nzenith angle:angle to a point with respect to the zenith (vertical direction)  \nhorizontal angle: angle between two points measured in the horizontal plane  \nField notes:accuracy , integrity , legibility , arrangement , clarity. P‐ encil.Cross mistakes. Evidence  \nModule 2- leveling  \nProcess of determining elevation (heights) or difference in elevation  \nlevel surface: curved surface orthogonal to plum line everywhere  \nsurveying Final exam sheet Cheat Sheet  \n[by](by cissapimenta via cheatography.com/50094/cs/13838/)[ cissapimenta](by cissapimenta via cheatography.com/50094/cs/13838/)[ via](by cissapimenta via cheatography.com/50094/cs/13838/)[ cheatography.com/50094/cs/13838/](by cissapimenta via cheatography.com/50094/cs/13838/)  \nModule 2- leveling (cont)  \nvertical line: direction of gravit‐ y(indicated by plumb line)  \ncollimation axis: horizontal plane of instrument  \nvertical datum: any level surface to which heights are referred  \nmean sea level: mean height of ocean level taken from 26  \ngauges over 19 years  \ntidal datum: avg. of all high water over 19 years  \nelevation: vertical distance above datum  \nBM: permanent monument which elevation is known  \nearth curvature  \nsystematic error. if BS&FS distances are the same then effect is cancelled  \nrefraction  \ndifference in temperature & pressure with altitude riser difference in refraction index of  \natm. systematic error.  \nmeter  \nfeet  \nInstrumentation  \nheight difference:dumpy , tilting , automatic level  \ndistance:steel band (account T & Fpull);nylon tape;electronic distance measurement  \nangular:theodolite;electronic theodolite  \ndistance+angular:total station  \nInstrumentation (cont)  \nother:global positioning system‐(gps);laser scanner  \nModule 1  \nSignificant Figures SG  \naccuracy: \\#of digits recorded  \nadd/substract:leftmost , rightmost  \nsg  \nmultiplication:least \\#sg of factors  \nErrors  \nSources:natural , instrumental &personal  \n-mistakes/gross error or blunder. ex:read a tape incorrectly  \n-systematic. physical or geometric law can correct.  \nex:thermal expansion of steel band  \n-random. can't be corrected or modeled.  \nPrecision&Accuracy  \naccuracy: nearness to true value. error is random.  \nprecise: consistency of a group of observations , may contain systematic error  \nprobability (most probable \\#)Dbar=(∑D/n) ; (residual)ν=Dbar-D  \nsurveys contain redundant info: analysis of residuals for accuracy and remain systematic error. more equation than unknowns assumes normally distributed random error.  \nerror propagation  \nroot mean² error RMSE=√((∑‐ Dbar-D)²/n)  \nstandard deviation σ=±√((∑ν²)/(‐ n-1))  \nModule 6  \nLidar: light detection and ranging. Mainly concerned with the precise timing and range determination of the return signal. generally based on pulse lasers  \nLaser: light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation. safety concerns: MPE (max. permissible exposure) parameter: exposure duration/‐ pulse width  \nCadastral surveying  \ntenure: legal structure by which land is owned  \nLand tenure components:  \n1-method of transferring ownership (title) via deeds (written documents which contain description of the property)  \n2-permanently marked boundaries on the ground  \n3-officially maintain ownership records. (county clerks office or US bureau of land managementBLM)  \n4-official legal description  \ncommon law: law that has been d","cbCaim1G8hZwqEey","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaim1G8hZwqEey","pdf",58311,"English","# Introduction\n## Surveying, geomatics, and geosensing\n## Reference planes, angles, and field notes\n# Module 1\n## Significant figures and computations\n## Errors, precision, accuracy, and error propagation\n# Module 2 - Leveling\n## Elevation, datums, refraction effects\n## Leveling instruments and distance/angle measurement\n# Module 6\n## Lidar and laser concepts\n## Cadastral surveying and land tenure\n## Property description methods","[{\"question\":\"What are the main components used to describe land tenure in cadastral surveying?\",\"answer\":\"Land tenure is framed by the method of transferring ownership (title via deeds), permanently marked boundaries, official ownership records, and an official legal description.\"},{\"question\":\"How do accuracy and precision differ in surveying observations?\",\"answer\":\"Accuracy describes nearness to the true value and is tied to random error, while precision reflects consistency across observations and may still contain systematic error.\"},{\"question\":\"What are the three major sources/types of surveying errors listed in the notes?\",\"answer\":\"The notes categorize errors into natural, instrumental, and personal, then further distinguish blunders (gross errors), systematic errors (correctable by physical/geometric law), and random errors (uncorrectable or not modelable).\"}]","Surveying Final Exam Sheet - Module Notes | PDF"]