[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-1-en-105":3,"doc-seo-571703-105":53,"doc-detail-571703-en":120},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,14,19,24,29,34,39,44,49],{"id":8,"doc_module":9,"doc_module_name":10,"category_name":11,"show_sort_weight":12,"slug":13},11,1,"Template","Presentations",90,"presentations",{"id":15,"doc_module":9,"doc_module_name":10,"category_name":16,"show_sort_weight":17,"slug":18},12,"Resumes",80,"resumes",{"id":20,"doc_module":9,"doc_module_name":10,"category_name":21,"show_sort_weight":22,"slug":23},14,"Invoices",70,"invoices",{"id":25,"doc_module":9,"doc_module_name":10,"category_name":26,"show_sort_weight":27,"slug":28},15,"Posters",60,"posters",{"id":30,"doc_module":9,"doc_module_name":10,"category_name":31,"show_sort_weight":32,"slug":33},16,"Social Media",50,"social-media",{"id":35,"doc_module":9,"doc_module_name":10,"category_name":36,"show_sort_weight":37,"slug":38},17,"Forms",40,"forms",{"id":40,"doc_module":9,"doc_module_name":10,"category_name":41,"show_sort_weight":42,"slug":43},18,"Letters",30,"letters",{"id":45,"doc_module":9,"doc_module_name":10,"category_name":46,"show_sort_weight":47,"slug":48},21,"Paper Templates",5,"papers-templates",{"id":50,"doc_module":9,"doc_module_name":10,"category_name":51,"show_sort_weight":4,"slug":52},158,"General","general-158",{"code":4,"msg":54,"data":55},"ok",{"site_id":56,"language":57,"slug":58,"title":59,"keywords":60,"description":61,"schema_data":62,"social_meta":113,"head_meta":115,"extra_data":117,"updated_unix":119},105,"en","surveying-final-exam-sheet-cheat-sheet","Surveying Final exam sheet Cheat Sheet","","Surveying final exam sheet cheat sheet covering core concepts and practical methods for measuring and managing spatial information. It explains surveying fundamentals, geomatics and geosensing, leveling and key angle definitions, and field notes quality expectations. It summarizes instrumentation types (levels, tapes, theodolites, total stations, GPS, laser scanners), error sources and propagation using significant figures, precision vs accuracy, and residual-based accuracy checks. It also reviews lidar basics and cadastral surveying topics including land tenure, boundary retracement, subdivision surveys, and property description systems (metes and bounds, block and lot, coordinates, PLSS).",{"@graph":63,"@context":112},[64,80,95],{"@type":65,"itemListElement":66},"BreadcrumbList",[67,71,74,77],{"item":68,"name":69,"@type":70,"position":9},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":72,"name":10,"@type":70,"position":73},"https://docshare.wps.com/template/",2,{"item":75,"name":36,"@type":70,"position":76},"https://docshare.wps.com/template/forms/",3,{"item":78,"name":59,"@type":70,"position":79},"https://docshare.wps.com/template/surveying-final-exam-sheet-cheat-sheet/571703/",4,{"url":78,"name":59,"@type":81,"author":82,"headline":59,"publisher":85,"fileFormat":88,"inLanguage":57,"description":61,"dateModified":89,"datePublished":89,"encodingFormat":88,"isAccessibleForFree":90,"interactionStatistic":91},"DigitalDocument",{"name":83,"@type":84},"Levi","Person",{"url":68,"name":86,"@type":87},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-13",true,{"@type":92,"interactionType":93,"userInteractionCount":4},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":94},"ViewAction",{"@type":96,"mainEntity":97},"FAQPage",[98,104,108],{"name":99,"@type":100,"acceptedAnswer":101},"What is the purpose of leveling in surveying?","Question",{"text":102,"@type":103},"Leveling determines elevation (heights) or the difference in elevation by referencing a level surface or vertical datum.","Answer",{"name":105,"@type":100,"acceptedAnswer":106},"How do systematic and random errors differ in surveying?",{"text":107,"@type":103},"Systematic errors follow physical or geometric laws and can often be corrected, while random errors cannot be fully corrected or modeled.",{"name":109,"@type":100,"acceptedAnswer":110},"What are the main land tenure components in cadastral surveying?",{"text":111,"@type":103},"Cadastral surveying includes transfer method via deeds, permanently marked boundaries, maintenance of official ownership records, and an official legal description.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":78,"og:type":114,"og:title":59,"og:site_name":86,"og:description":61},"article",{"robots":116,"canonical":78},"index,follow",{"doc_id":118,"site_id":56},571703,1791923245,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":121},{"doc_id":118,"user_id":122,"nickname":83,"user_avatar":123,"doc_module":9,"category_id":35,"category_name":36,"doc_title":59,"doc_description":61,"doc_content":124,"file_id":125,"file_url":126,"file_type":127,"file_size":128,"view_count":4,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":9,"is_downloadable":9,"audit_status":9,"page_count":76,"language":129,"language_code":57,"site_id":56,"html_lang":57,"table_of_contents":130,"faqs":131,"seo_title":132,"seo_description":61,"update_tm":119,"read_time":9},7971461740909,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_155a257f0dc6eb9ab79c44ca47cae57d","Introduction  \nWhat is surveying?Collection , processing & management of spacial information  \nWhy is it important?Land ownership , engineering , mining , marine navigation , mapping ,etc.  \nWhat is geomatics?Study of Earth  \nWhat is geosensing?meas‐ urement of the Earth from  \nremote , moving platforms  \nTo define a horizontal plane: vertical axis matches gravity vector. Plane tangent to level surface. Long distances you can't use earth as a plane , need to account for the curvature  \nthe vertical rate of change is higher than horizontal  \nvertical/elevation angle: angle toa point with respect to horizontal plane  \nzenith angle:angle to a point with respect to the zenith (vertical direction)  \nhorizontal angle: angle between two points measured in the horizontal plane  \nField notes:accuracy , integrity , legibility , arrangement , clarity. P‐ encil.Cross mistakes. Evidence  \nModule 2- leveling  \nProcess of determining elevation (heights) or difference in elevation  \nlevel surface: curved surface orthogonal to plum line everywhere  \nsurveying Final exam sheet Cheat Sheet  \n[by](by cissapimenta via cheatography.com/50094/cs/13838/)[ cissapimenta](by cissapimenta via cheatography.com/50094/cs/13838/)[ via](by cissapimenta via cheatography.com/50094/cs/13838/)[ cheatography.com/50094/cs/13838/](by cissapimenta via cheatography.com/50094/cs/13838/)  \nModule 2- leveling (cont)  \nvertical line: direction of gravit‐ y(indicated by plumb line)  \ncollimation axis: horizontal plane of instrument  \nvertical datum: any level surface to which heights are referred  \nmean sea level: mean height of ocean level taken from 26  \ngauges over 19 years  \ntidal datum: avg. of all high water over 19 years  \nelevation: vertical distance above datum  \nBM: permanent monument which elevation is known  \nearth curvature  \nsystematic error. if BS&FS distances are the same then effect is cancelled  \nrefraction  \ndifference in temperature & pressure with altitude riser difference in refraction index of  \natm. systematic error.  \nmeter  \nfeet  \nInstrumentation  \nheight difference:dumpy , tilting , automatic level  \ndistance:steel band (account T & Fpull);nylon tape;electronic distance measurement  \nangular:theodolite;electronic theodolite  \ndistance+angular:total station  \nInstrumentation (cont)  \nother:global positioning system‐(gps);laser scanner  \nModule 1  \nSignificant Figures SG  \naccuracy: \\#of digits recorded  \nadd/substract:leftmost , rightmost  \nsg  \nmultiplication:least \\#sg of factors  \nErrors  \nSources:natural , instrumental &personal  \n-mistakes/gross error or blunder. ex:read a tape incorrectly  \n-systematic. physical or geometric law can correct.  \nex:thermal expansion of steel band  \n-random. can't be corrected or modeled.  \nPrecision&Accuracy  \naccuracy: nearness to true value. error is random.  \nprecise: consistency of a group of observations , may contain systematic error  \nprobability (most probable \\#)Dbar=(∑D/n) ; (residual)ν=Dbar-D  \nsurveys contain redundant info: analysis of residuals for accuracy and remain systematic error. more equation than unknowns assumes normally distributed random error.  \nerror propagation  \nroot mean² error RMSE=√((∑‐ Dbar-D)²/n)  \nstandard deviation σ=±√((∑ν²)/(‐ n-1))  \nModule 6  \nLidar: light detection and ranging. Mainly concerned with the precise timing and range determination of the return signal. generally based on pulse lasers  \nLaser: light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation. safety concerns: MPE (max. permissible exposure) parameter: exposure duration/‐ pulse width  \nCadastral surveying  \ntenure: legal structure by which land is owned  \nLand tenure components:  \n1-method of transferring ownership (title) via deeds (written documents which contain description of the property)  \n2-permanently marked boundaries on the ground  \n3-officially maintain ownership records. (county clerks office or US bureau of land managementBLM)  \n4-official legal description  \ncommon law: law that has been d","cbCaijxy4XZa5DZq","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaijxy4XZa5DZq","pdf",56826,"English","# Introduction\n## What is surveying?\n## Collection, processing & management of spacial information\n## Why is it important?\n## What is geomatics?\n## What is geosensing?\n# Module 2 - leveling\n## Vertical and horizontal plane definitions\n## Vertical datum, elevation, BM\n## Refraction and systematic errors\n## Instrumentation types for leveling\n# Module 1\n## Significant Figures (SG)\n## Errors: gross, systematic, random\n## Precision vs accuracy\n## Error propagation and RMSE\n# Module 6\n## Lidar and laser safety\n## Cadastral surveying and land tenure\n## Property description methods","[{\"question\":\"What is the purpose of leveling in surveying?\",\"answer\":\"Leveling determines elevation (heights) or the difference in elevation by referencing a level surface or vertical datum.\"},{\"question\":\"How do systematic and random errors differ in surveying?\",\"answer\":\"Systematic errors follow physical or geometric laws and can often be corrected, while random errors cannot be fully corrected or modeled.\"},{\"question\":\"What are the main land tenure components in cadastral surveying?\",\"answer\":\"Cadastral surveying includes transfer method via deeds, permanently marked boundaries, maintenance of official ownership records, and an official legal description.\"}]","Surveying Final exam sheet Cheat Sheet | PDF"]