[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-187765-en":3,"doc-seo-187765-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-1-en-105":92},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":11,"category_id":12,"category_name":13,"doc_title":14,"doc_description":15,"doc_content":16,"file_id":17,"file_url":18,"file_type":19,"file_size":20,"view_count":4,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":11,"is_downloadable":11,"audit_status":11,"page_count":21,"language":22,"language_code":23,"site_id":24,"html_lang":23,"table_of_contents":25,"faqs":26,"seo_title":27,"seo_description":15,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},187765,962085571259,"Putri","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_29158cc5080c5b710cf443261637dec0",1,158,"General","Student handbook - Hypotheses - Research Hypotheses Writing Guide","Guide for students on planning and conducting research by formulating research aims and questions and translating variables into operational conditions. Explains what a hypothesis is, how deductive reasoning connects theory to testable predictions, and why precise hypotheses matter in experimental research. Covers how to include an operationalised independent variable, a scored dependent variable, and expected differences or relationships, then distinguishes null and alternative hypotheses, including one- and two-tailed forms. Includes warm-up activities and writing frames to support drafting well-operationalised hypotheses.","Student handbook: Hypotheses\nIntroduction\nAs students you should be familiar with the following features of planning and conducting research, you should be able to formulate:\nResearch aims.\nResearch questions.\nIndependent variable (IV) and how this is operationalised into conditions.\nDependent variable (DV) and how this is operationalised to measure behaviour.\nNull hypotheses.\nAlternative hypotheses\nOne tailed (directional) hypotheses\nTwo tailed (non-directional) hypotheses.\nWhat is a hypothesis?\nA hypothesis is a statement of what you predict will happen in an experiment. Researchers make predictions before carrying out research as a process of deduction.\nDeductive reasoning is where you form a prediction based on a theory and then proceed to testing the hypothesis to either confirm or reject your predictions. This is scientific as it enables the researcher to use observable evidence to support their theory and narrow down the explanation for behaviour.\nDue to this, experimental research uses very precise hypotheses in order to clearly confirm or reject the predictions once data has been collected and analysed.\nTo create a hypothesis you need an aim. Firstly, an aim is what you wish to find out in your research. A researcher may aim to find out whether completing revision workbooks is more effective than not doing any. Once you have your aim you then need to decide how to operationalise the variables in order to make a precise and testable hypothesis.\nA hypothesis must include:\nThe IV operationalised into different conditions.\nThe DV operationalised to clearly show how behaviour is measured/ scored.\nThe difference expected (e.g. higher/ lower)/ effect \u000bOR if correlational\nThe relationship expected (positive/ negative/ no).\nThere are two types of hypothesis:\nAlternative hypothesis (abbreviated as H1)\nThis is a prediction that there will be a difference in behaviour of the participants in the different conditions.\nNull hypothesis (abbreviated as H0)\nThis type of hypothesis predicts there will be no difference in behaviour of the participants in the different conditions.\nFurther to this there are two types of alternative hypotheses. Sometimes in research you may believe there will be a difference in the performance of conditions but you may not know what that difference will be. In this case you would write a two tailed hypothesis (non-directional). If you think you know which group will perform better you will write a one tailed hypothesis (directional) as you have a reason to believe the one condition will perform better or score higher than the other.\n\u000f\nActivity 1: Warm up\nMatch up the key terms and definitions below. Each key term only has one definition.\nKey terms:\tDefinitions:\nThis is the variable you manipulate to see its effect on another variable.\nIndependent variable\nThis is where you ensure that a variable is measurable by using accurate criteria.\nDependent variable\nThis type of variable may corrupt your results if it is allowed to influence the behaviour of participants.\nExtraneous variable\nOperationalisation\nThis is the variable you manipulate to see its effect on another variable.\nThis is a type of variable that corrupts the results of the study due to the participant’s characteristics that the researcher has not measured.\n\u000fHow should you write a hypothesis?\nA hypothesis should follow from the research question and be operationalised so that it is clear what is being measured and how it would be measured.\nIn other words, you need to include the independent variable (including the conditions) and the dependent variable (including how it is scored).\nHere is an example of an undeveloped alternative hypothesis and another that details clearly how the variables are measured.\nThere will be a significant difference in the memory when items are shown in different forms.\nThere will be a significant difference in the number of items correctly recalled from a list of twenty words when they are shown as pictures as opposed to ","cbCaitE7spU6UqEZ","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaitE7spU6UqEZ","docx",261985,19,"English","en",105,"# Introduction\n## Research aims and research questions\n## Independent and dependent variables (operationalisation)\n## Null and alternative hypotheses\n## One-tailed and two-tailed hypotheses\n# What is a hypothesis?\n## Deductive reasoning and experimental precision\n# How should you write a hypothesis?\n## Required elements\n# Types of hypotheses\n## Alternative hypothesis (H1)\n## Null hypothesis (H0)\n## Two-tailed and one-tailed alternative hypotheses\n# Activity 1: Warm up\n## Match key terms and definitions\n# Activity 2\n## Identify IV and DV and improve hypotheses\n# Activity 3\n## Become the examiner","[{\"question\":\"What is a hypothesis and why do researchers make them before conducting research?\",\"answer\":\"A hypothesis is a prediction about what will happen in an experiment. Researchers make predictions before carrying out research so they can test the idea using observable evidence to confirm or reject it.\"},{\"question\":\"What must a well-written hypothesis include?\",\"answer\":\"A hypothesis must include the independent variable operationalised into conditions and the dependent variable operationalised so behaviour can be measured or scored. It should also state the expected difference (or effect) and the expected relationship (positive, negative, or none).\"},{\"question\":\"What is the difference between a null hypothesis and an alternative hypothesis?\",\"answer\":\"An alternative hypothesis (H1) predicts a difference in participant behaviour between conditions. A null hypothesis (H0) predicts no difference in participant behaviour between conditions.\"}]","Student handbook - Hypotheses - Research Hypotheses Writing Guide | DOCX",1788385281,7,{"code":4,"msg":31,"data":32},"ok",{"site_id":24,"language":23,"slug":33,"title":14,"keywords":34,"description":15,"schema_data":35,"social_meta":87,"head_meta":89,"extra_data":91,"updated_unix":28},"student-handbook-hypotheses-research-hypotheses-writing-guide","",{"@graph":36,"@context":86},[37,54,69],{"@type":38,"itemListElement":39},"BreadcrumbList",[40,44,48,51],{"item":41,"name":42,"@type":43,"position":11},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":45,"name":46,"@type":43,"position":47},"https://docshare.wps.com/template/","Template",2,{"item":49,"name":13,"@type":43,"position":50},"https://docshare.wps.com/template/general/",3,{"item":52,"name":14,"@type":43,"position":53},"https://docshare.wps.com/template/student-handbook-hypotheses-research-hypotheses-writing-guide/187765/",4,{"url":52,"name":14,"@type":55,"author":56,"headline":14,"publisher":58,"fileFormat":61,"inLanguage":23,"description":15,"dateModified":62,"datePublished":63,"encodingFormat":61,"isAccessibleForFree":64,"interactionStatistic":65},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":57},"Person",{"url":41,"name":59,"@type":60},"DocShare","Organization","application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document","2026-09-04","2026-09-02",true,{"@type":66,"interactionType":67,"userInteractionCount":47},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":68},"ViewAction",{"@type":70,"mainEntity":71},"FAQPage",[72,78,82],{"name":73,"@type":74,"acceptedAnswer":75},"What is a hypothesis and why do researchers make them before conducting research?","Question",{"text":76,"@type":77},"A hypothesis is a prediction about what will happen in an experiment. Researchers make predictions before carrying out research so they can test the idea using observable evidence to confirm or reject it.","Answer",{"name":79,"@type":74,"acceptedAnswer":80},"What must a well-written hypothesis include?",{"text":81,"@type":77},"A hypothesis must include the independent variable operationalised into conditions and the dependent variable operationalised so behaviour can be measured or scored. It should also state the expected difference (or effect) and the expected relationship (positive, negative, or none).",{"name":83,"@type":74,"acceptedAnswer":84},"What is the difference between a null hypothesis and an alternative hypothesis?",{"text":85,"@type":77},"An alternative hypothesis (H1) predicts a difference in participant behaviour between conditions. 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