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Includes practical guidance on SELECT and common clauses like WHERE, GROUP BY, HAVING, and ORDER BY. Explains set operators (UNION/UNION ALL/INTERSECT/EXCEPT), subqueries with scalar, multi-row, and correlated forms, and key operators and expressions such as CASE WHEN, arithmetic/modulo, and logical AND/OR/NOT. Adds examples and function patterns including CONCAT, SUBSTRING, and LENGTH.",{"@graph":63,"@context":119},[64,80,102],{"@type":65,"itemListElement":66},"BreadcrumbList",[67,71,74,77],{"item":68,"name":69,"@type":70,"position":9},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":72,"name":10,"@type":70,"position":73},"https://docshare.wps.com/template/",2,{"item":75,"name":51,"@type":70,"position":76},"https://docshare.wps.com/template/general/",3,{"item":78,"name":59,"@type":70,"position":79},"https://docshare.wps.com/template/sql-joins-quick-interview-crash-course/572559/",4,{"url":78,"name":59,"@type":81,"image":82,"author":87,"headline":59,"publisher":90,"fileFormat":93,"inLanguage":57,"description":61,"dateModified":94,"datePublished":95,"encodingFormat":93,"isAccessibleForFree":96,"interactionStatistic":97},"DigitalDocument",{"url":83,"@type":84,"width":85,"height":86},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/sql-joins-quick-interview-crash-course/572559.png","ImageObject",442,249,{"name":88,"@type":89},"McGucket","Person",{"url":68,"name":91,"@type":92},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-22","2026-10-13",true,{"@type":98,"interactionType":99,"userInteractionCount":101},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":100},"ViewAction",6,{"@type":103,"mainEntity":104},"FAQPage",[105,111,115],{"name":106,"@type":107,"acceptedAnswer":108},"What does SQL stand for and what is it used for?","Question",{"text":109,"@type":110},"SQL (Structured Query Language) manages data in databases. 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Our SQL Interview Cheat Sheet is here to help! Preparing for an SQL interview can be overwhelming with all the concepts to review, but this cheat sheet has got you covered. If you need more practice, consider taking our SQL Basics course and then consolidating your knowledge on the SQL Practice track. Let's start from the beginning-what is SQL? SQL (Structured Query Language) is a programming language used for managing data in databases. It allows users to query, add, change, save, and delete data in a database, as well as create and modify database structures. * **Table**: A basic database object consisting of rows and columns that stores data about a particular subject. * **Columns** (or attributes): Like spreadsheet columns, table columns contain details about the database subject. * **Rows** (or records): Like spreadsheet rows, table rows contain data about a single instance of the database subject. * **Fields**: The intersection between one column and one row that stores one piece of data. * **Query**: A SQL statement that retrieves data (e.g., SELECT statements) . * **Statement**: A command executed against the database; the most basic building block of SQL. * **DDL Statements** (Data Definition Language): Create and modify database objects like tables or indexes. * **DCL Statements** (Data Control Language): Give or remove rights for accessing parts of the database. * **DML Statements** (Data Manipulation Language): Allow us to manipulate information in a database, including: + INSERT: Inserts one or more new rows into a table. + UPDATE: Modifies existing values in a table column. + DELETE: Removes one or more rows from a table. *  \n**DQL Statements** (Data Query Language): Retrieve data from a database using SELECT statements. * **SELECT**: The most commonly used statement in SQL queries that fetches data from one or more tables in a database. * **Basic Clauses**: Include clauses like WHERE, GROUP BY, and HAVING to refine query results. SELECT first_name, last_name FROM employees WHERE last_name = 'Smith' GROUP BY nationality HAVING AVG(salary) > 5000 ORDER BY last_name ASC; SQL Query Techniques: Filtering and Combining Data Here's how SQL filters data using various query techniques: **HAVING Clause**: This clause filters groups based on aggregate function results. Only records that satisfy the condition are shown. Some common aggregate functions include COUNT(), AVG(), SUM(), MIN(), and MAX() . These can be used with GROUP BY to calculate values for each group. **Set Operators**: SQL's set operators combine SELECT statement outputs into one output. There are four types: 1 . **UNION**: Shows unique rows from all outputs. 2. **UNION ALL**: Shows all rows, including duplicates. 3. **INTERSECT**: Shows only rows that exist in all outputs. 4. **MINUS** or **EXCEPT**: Returns rows from the first output that don't exist in other outputs. **Subqueries**: These are SELECT queries embedded within another SQL query. They can be used with main statements like SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE. There are three types: 1 . **Scalar**: Returns exactly one value. 2. **Multi-row**: Returns multiple values. 3. **Correlated**: References the main query. Subqueries are commonly used with operators like ANY/SOME, ALL, EXISTS, and IN to compare data from the main query with subquery output.  \n**SQL Operators and Expressions**: These include comparison, arithmetic, and logical operations. The most common expression is CASE WHEN. Comparison operators can be used to compare values within a query. SELECT first_name, last_name FROM employees WHERE salary \u003C 5000; Returns all employees whose salaries are less than $5,000 . Here's the rewritten text: **Salary Calculations** To calculate annual salary, divide by 12 . This is like raising one number to the power of another! **SELECT first_name, last_name, salary * 1.05 ** 3 FROM employees;","cbCaihr3xucSPTMj","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaihr3xucSPTMj","pdf",55854,"English","# SQL Basics for Interviews\n## Core SQL Concepts\n## Statement Types (DDL/DCL/DML/DQL)\n## SELECT Clauses and Filtering\n## Set Operators and Subqueries\n## Operators, Expressions, and CASE WHEN\n## SQL Functions and Example Queries","[{\"question\":\"What does SQL stand for and what is it used for?\",\"answer\":\"SQL (Structured Query Language) manages data in databases. It lets users query, add, change, save, delete data, and create or modify database structures.\"},{\"question\":\"How do set operators differ in SQL?\",\"answer\":\"UNION returns unique rows, UNION ALL returns all rows including duplicates, INTERSECT returns rows common to both outputs, and EXCEPT/MINUS returns rows from the first output that are not in the others.\"},{\"question\":\"What is a subquery and what types are mentioned?\",\"answer\":\"A subquery is a SELECT query embedded inside another SQL query. The document lists scalar (one value), multi-row (multiple values), and correlated (references the main query) subqueries.\"}]","SQL Joins - Quick Interview Crash Course | PDF",1791928076]